Why The Creative Accounting Is Important Factors Essay

Financial reports are one of the most important factors on evaluating whether an organisation has met its objectives and goals, and also has satisfied its directors, lenders, and other stakeholders. Although the relevant accounting and financial standards, regulations, and frameworks are established for the fair and reliable presentation of financial reports, there are still fraud issues from manipulating financial information. Due to the recent global economic crisis, corporates tend to use creative accounting to maximise their profit and financial performance, and it seems to result in some serious financial frauds. A lot of questions come up with this creative accounting technique as well as the relation to corporate governance and frauds. It obviously has some negative results from inappropriate use of creative accounting but, on the other hand, it could be useful to present a company’s interests better within laws and regulations. This essay will elaborate what the creati ve accounting is, why companies use this accounting method, both positive and negative views of using creative accounting with appropriate examples and cases, and possible recommendations to improve the accounting standards and systems. Firstly the definition of creative accounting and how corporate governance and fraud are connected to creative accounting should be discussed. Creative accounting defines that a company uses the accounting knowledge to distort the financial figures but by followingShow MoreRelatedReview of Shah, A. K., (1998) Exploring the influences and constraints on creative accounting in the United Kingdom, European Accounting Review, 7 (1): 83-104.1033 Words   |  5 PagesIn recent years, the practice of creative accounting by the management of large listed corporation in the UK has received increasingly more attention and allegations, especially from key financial information users. Supported by significant evidence of the practice of creative accounting, it is largely believed that such practices misrepresent the underlying reported financial performance of firms, instantaneously conflicts key core aims of accounting – to provide consistent and comparable informationRead MoreRevenue R ecognition Problems in the Communications Equipment Industry1322 Words   |  6 Pageswould be adjusted downwards by $679 million as a result of revenue recognition problems. Yet the firms market capitalization plummeted by $24.7 billion. Why do you think the market reacted so negatively to Lucents announcements of the problems? There is usually a grey zone between aggressive accounting, which is the use of legitimate accounting methods to achieve business purposes, and fraudulent financial reporting, which is the intentional misrepresentation of financial information for businessRead MoreLernout Hauspie Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pagesfraudulent accounting practices? The unique characteristics in LH that made it prone to engage in fraudulent accounting practices were the rapid expansion and acquisition of companies beyond their boundaries, and the inability to oversee these operations. Another important factor that stands out is the lack of ethical values portrayed by the founders of LH. The top management did not set code of ethics, but instead wanted to maximize their future software value. Mr. Hauspie’s creative but legallyRead MoreThe Most Important Aspects Of The Profession Of Cpas1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe accounting profession is considered a very important element in the business world and the economic world. This profession is performed by the certified public accountant (CPA). After passing the state’s exam and meeting the additional experience requirement you will get a CPA license. Based on the article of â€Å"CPA Horizons 2025† we are going to identify the four influential factors in the profession of CPAs, which are: Pre-certification and lifelong learning, pride in the profession, value propositionRead MoreOrganizational Management Approach Analysis At High Plain Mechanical Service Inc.1737 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Æ' Organizational Management Approach Analysis There are many articles, books, and research on the subject of changes in organizational management. They discuss how, why and what management is and was in organizations. The history of what management was in past is an important subject to study, as it tells what worked and what did not work. This paper will compare the classical and neoclassical approaches of management to what is used at High Plain Mechanical Service Inc. (HPM). This analysis paperRead MorePhar-Mor: Case Study1439 Words   |  6 Pages1990’s. It was founded by Mickey Monus, a gambler in nature, who with the help of senior management was â€Å"cooking the books† for years to cover up his loses. The reason why senior management agreed to do this fraud is the belief in unique ability of their leader to fix everything later on. This case is known as one of the biggest accounting frauds in the corporate history of the U.S. This paper will analyze who was affected by this fraud, the motives behind it a nd what systems of control failed to preventRead MoreSatyam Case1707 Words   |  7 Pagesthe earnings management techniques employed by the management of Satyam. Earning management or creative accounting is referred to the manipulation or misrepresentation of the company’s financial earnings in order to achieve stable and positive financial position. This was achieve through directly or indirectly use of the accounting methods. Even though the manipulation may follow all the accounting standards and laws, they may go opposite of what the standards and laws were originally trying toRead MoreMarketing Management, Promotions, And Marketing Manager Essay1056 Words   |  5 Pagesinteresting to see that the projections show women obtaining more of these jobs in the future. Marketing managers are often sought out to help improve the market share for a business (â€Å"Marketing Manager Career Outlook and Salary,† n.d.). This is why the projections are deemed to be a positive one for those seeking careers in the marketing field. It is predicted that the largest percentage of growth is going to come from Internet marketing. The big one is in social media marketing. ThereforeRead MoreEssay about External Auditors Must be Independent1154 Words   |  5 Pagesof its auditor, Arthur Andersen became one the most popular accounting scandal where it is still being talked about even after a decade has passed. Following this scandal, other massive organizations like WorldCom (2002), AIG (2004), and Satyam Computer Services (2009) shared the same fate. Since then, there have been questions being asked on the issue of the independence of auditors being one of the major contributors to these accounting scandals. Firstly, it’ll be good to know the definition ofRead MoreHrm 533 Total Rewards1633 Words   |  7 Pagescan improve the overall competitive compensation strategy of the organization. A competitive organization understands the need for a skilled and loyal workforce. In order to attract and retain top talent, many organizations offer innovative and creative employee benefit packages. It enhances an attractive salary and creates a niche for the employer. An organization that is aware of the dynamics of its workforce will be in step with the innovations in employee benefits. Technology, global workforces

The, No And No Alone Is Not Satisfactory Essay - 860 Words

Answer each question using a few sentences. â€Å"Yes† or â€Å"no† alone is not satisfactory. Use endnotes to credit your sources. 1. What was happening in the US and the Caribbean when this cartoon was made that was relevant to this cartoon? †¢ In 1902 when this cartoon was made the United States was trying to increase its power by influencing and controlling the people of the Caribbean. In 1898 when the Spanish American war ended the Spanish ceded the Philippines, Cuba and several other colonies to the United States. In 1902, â€Å"Cuba became â€Å"independent†, but, according to the Platt Amendment of 1901, was under US protection.† â€Å"American officials forced Cubans to accept a protectorate in 1902, which granted Washington rights to the naval base at Guantanamo Bay and gave the US firms a privileged position in the island’s sugar industry.† However, in the Philippines â€Å"In 1898, tensions developed between the U.S. and the Filipinos. The American government decided to keep the Philippines as a colony, thereby denying independence to the Filipino people.† From 1899-1902 the Filipinos fought for their independence and went to war against the US. 2. How does cartoonist Grant Hamilton’s depiction of the US as Uncle Sam rather than as Colombia or Lady Liberty give you a different ‘feeling’ about the US? †¢ I believe that Uncle Sam was used because Uncle Sam represents patriotism and the American government’s power. I feel that he represents a feeling of national pride, including ethnic,Show MoreRelatedExplain What Is A Code Of Conduct And Provide An Example Relevant To Working With Groups In Community Services1028 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationship as to keep confidentiality in check and to also have written evidence of this occurring. There may also be a possible dismissal of the youth worker and the member of the group if there is evident behaviour assessments created etc. Satisfactory YES NO 5. What is a code of conduct and provide an example relevant to working with groups in Community Services? A code of conduct is where practice guidelines are outlined, so all workers can follow and conduct and promote professional practiceRead MoreSexuality And Its Effects On Children Essay1429 Words   |  6 Pagesmeaning of â€Å"I am young but not idot† (eS toku gw ij uknku ugh) but I want to know much more in this matter â€Å". Aditi is not the only child to have such questions about sexuality; the girls of her age do possess such inquisitive feelings. Only few get satisfactory replies to their question on this matter. However, in today’s scientific age, where open discussion on this subject is considered to be inferiority and reading books, magazines, periodicals on sexuality is termed as immoral where shall these girlsRead MoreMy Five Part Transformational Process Activity1219 Words   |  5 Pagesleader know there’s a problem, but turn a blind eye. 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Perhaps among all typ es of organizations which impactRead MoreInto the Wild Essay1026 Words   |  5 Pagesday is an opportunity that you should take advantage of instead of living life in the same way because there is no point or reason to living that way. S.O.S. I need your help. I am injured, near death, and too weak to hike out of here. I am all alone, this is no joke. In the name of God, please remain to save me. I am out collecting berries and shall return this evening. Thank you, Chris McCandless. August ? (pg. 12) – Chris McCandless I wanted to reflect on this quote because it’s not yourRead MoreMr. Gotcher s Plan And Rules This Reporting Period1372 Words   |  6 Pagesothers have been unable to work. Mr. Gotcher continues to work through the Foot Prints treatment workbook and his progress is considered satisfactory. Update 4.11.17: Mr. Gotcher continues to work through the Foot Prints treatment workbook and is currently on chapter 5. His progress is considered good. Mr. Gotcher’s progress in treatment considered satisfactory at this time. Areas of concern: There have been no major areas of concern this reporting period. Mr. Gotcher has not had any incidentsRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Similarities and the Differences Between Dogs and Cats.787 Words   |  4 Pagesa solitary creature, hunting alone. Paragraph 3: the second difference is that dogs are generally smarter than cats. + Their owner can train the dogs to do tricks when commands in a short time, conversely people have to whether spend a lot of time to train cats or cannot. +People can train the dogs a lot of things, unlike cats. Paragraph 4: Finally, the remarkable difference is that the dog is more loyal than the cat. + Dogs will never leave their owner alone with dangers; instead of thatRead MoreHuman Rights : Universal Rights1679 Words   |  7 Pagesknows all of the rights that they truly have. The rights we have consist of many things such as the right of having an adequate food supply. The right to adequate food is both a human and legal right and â€Å"is realized when every man, woman and child, alone and in community with others, has physical and economic access at all times to adequate food or means for its procurement† (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Comment 12). George Kent discusses the meaning of these rights in regardsRead MoreTeaching And Quality Of Teaching872 Words   |  4 Pagesillustrated table: Primary Secondary Excellent 1 (1.1%) 3 (5.9%) Very Good 19 (21.8) 5 (9.8%) Good 38 (43.7) 21 (41.2%) Satisfactory 24 (27.6%) 17 (33.3%) Unsatisfactory 5 (5.7%) 5 (9.8%) As this research shows done by Ofsted , the teaching and support In both primary and secondary lessons, the quality of teaching and support was not judged to be satisfactory, the teachers were either ‘inadequately aware’ of or failed to ‘take sufficient account of the learning difficulties of theRead MoreWe Need a Huge Turn Around in the US Educational System Essay1351 Words   |  6 Pagesthought has surfaced to challenge the need for teacher tenure in the 21th century or thereafter. Tenure should not be abolished but the requirements for a teacher to earn tenure should be reformed because tenure awards teachers who perform above satisfactory work, it prevents bad teachers from receiving a good deal, and secures good teachers in public schools. Tenure should be served as a reward to teachers that work hard, and produce excellent results when evaluated on their skill. â€Å"Teachers say

The Islamism Origin, Ideology, Aims Objectives Free Essays

Nations around the world follows different ideologies to generate a direction for themselves. An ideology is a way of thinking, a set of beliefs, aims and ideas. It sets the vision for the group attached to it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Islamism: Origin, Ideology, Aims Objectives or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its purpose is to bring a specific change or carry out a certain task among its followers in accordance with a thorough thought process. When ideologies differ it gets difficult for the people belonging to a certain group to stay coherent. Ideological differences have triggered such events that were found to be powerful enough that they have shrugged the atlas several times. Wars had been fought by those who reject leading their life in the ways that conflicts with their own ideological beliefs. Islamic Ideology Islam is a religion of having faith in the oneness of God, finality of Prophet-hood, following the code of conduct according to the principles mentioned in the Holy Book and practicing the preaching of Holy Prophet. Islam emphasizes on building individual characters in an exemplary way so that a foundation of an ideal society could be laid. All Muslims have been ordered by their God Almighty to follow instructions prescribed in their Holy Book Quran, the purpose of this guidance is to lay down a way of life in which the laws mentioned in the book regulates a men’s relationship with other men and with his God. It provides a guideline for a man to maintain his social life along with his communion with the God. It indicates to a Muslim in his quest for knowledge, principle that enhances his capability to observe universe and nature with more understanding. Quran is not a book of science; it’s basically a book that deals with the basic principles of human life it preaches belief in oneness, immateriality, absolute power of the creator, charity for needy, brotherhood among mankind, subjugation of passions, the concept of accountability of human actions in the life after death, a system that teaches men to be grateful to all those who help and development of a sense of social consciousness by carefully performing those actions that are sensible and right and avoiding those that are forbidden and harmful for self and others. Islamism Islam provides Muslims a code of conduct that has been written in the Holy Book. Muslims are supposed to understand and follow it and when it comes to understanding there are different possible interpretations of the same text. Islamism is not a single concept rather it’s a product of different ideologies that exists within the umbrella of Islam. Islam is a religion that provides guideline for the Muslims around the world. Islamism has ideological conflicts. In general all these ideological groups call them Islamists, a group of people that completely rejects accepting secular governments and institutions and aim to align the entire world and its establishments in accordance to Sharia, the Muslim Law. One single society could have several directions of Islamism contributing to the fact that it’s been initiated by different groups trying to enforce their own ideologies and they seemed to never cooperate. Islamism expects its followers to align his life in complete adherence to the sacred law of Islam and completely rejects any foreign influences that may try to force any law or code of conduct that contradicts what is being mentioned in Islamic law. Islamism has in its root anger for non-Muslims and it condemn west to greatest extent. What it aims is to convert a religion into a kind of ideology. Origin of Islamism A little more than just 200 years before Muslim world was considered the hub of science and literature. Muslim scholars have laid such foundations that were later used by European researches to build extremely beneficial artifacts that have amazed the world. During the prime era of Muslims, there were mathematicians, doctors, scientists, philosophers, researchers and artists that people from around the globe used to come and learn from them. The theories presented by Muslim scholars are the basis of most of the modern scientific inventions and innovations. The downfall arose when the Muslim world interacted with the Europeans; its dated around 200 years back in 1798 when Napoleon landed in Egypt and the Muslim worlds came in contact with the Europe. From here came the influence and impact of European culture and civilization on the Muslims. The two nations are not incompatible but the ideological differences became evident when conflicts triggered events that lead to development of anger and hostile feelings among contradicting nations. According to Daniel Pipes: This confrontation was clearly shown in the aftermath of the fatwa by Ayatollah Khomeini against Salman Rushdie. Contrary to popular expectation, the lines in 1989 were drawn not between Muslim and Westerners, but between those who supported the ayatollah, or in some fashion sympathized with him, and those who were against him. One found many Muslims and Westerners on both sides. This illustrates how it is ideas that count, not religion. (Distinguishing between Islam Islamism, 1998) The origination of Islamism is neither a single event nor responsibility of a particular person. It is the fundamentalist Islamic approach carried forward by those Islamic radicals that completely rejects the western culture and way of thinking. Series of events in history builds such anger among the Muslims that were once the most successful nation on the map of earth that they started to rebel and participate in destructive activities so that world could again come in their control, this time if not by education or technology then by force and devastation. Aims and Objectives There can’t by another explanation of Islamism but just that it’s like the other utopian schemes that have been proposed and adopted world wide and provides its followers ways and guidelines to control a state, take measures that help running a society and extend philosophies in order to re-make human beings inhabiting that state. The concept has been given an Islamic touch but over all it’s a totalitarian scheme. It embodied a complete transformation of the actual traditional Islam. It has an element of modernization, for instance it deals with issues related with a modern society, address problems arises in urban living and modern day women issues, and it provides guidance for the non-traditional problems faced by my occupations. It completely ignores Islamic principle of restricting laws and regulations to the individual and society rather it tries to inject geographically restricted rules in its effort to come at par with western style geographic law. It’s not a system that has evolved as result of poverty and money. It’s a reaction to modernization by those thinkers that try to find their own ways out in changing world environment and politics. Many educated people are Islamists and running their states according to their own ideology. Islamism has been evolved lately as a huge force that is responsible for running countries like Iran, Sudan and Afghanistan. In Algeria, Egypt, Turkey, Lebanon, and Palestine they exists as the strong opposition force. Though its been observed that Islamists are not in majority but even if they consists of minority it’s a very active one. The countries where they have establishments they are very successful and they not only run their own territories but they also interfere in their neighborhood and participate in overall world politics. Its been feared that if they grow their powers they will be responsible for contraction of economic stability, women oppression world wide, human right violation, terrorism and arms race. The ideas presented by Islamists belonging to different countries differ in ideologies and they are very difficult to predict. All Muslims are all well aware that they were the superior military and cultural force in the world for centuries, and the reversed situation in the modern ages hurts the pride of Muslims. As many Muslim countries have tried to copy both the capitalist system, and others the socialist system, and all have seen little but marginal success, Islamists are working for re-establishing what the promote as a â€Å"third alternative†; a political system that they claim is similar to the one which once made unknown tribes grow into becoming lords of empires in a few decades. But in order to create such a society, the Islamists are not rejecting modern technology, and are very concerned about implement this on a grand scale in an Islamist society. And because of the technology, the Islamists believe that the coming Islamist society will be an even better society than the one of the Golden Age. (Islamism, 2008) Even if what Islamists are trying is to bring the Golden period of Muslims back they are overlooking the fact that being intolerant, conservative and violent is something that was even practiced by Muslim rulers of history who ruled the world. A liberal Islam that encourages peace and harmony has always been the pride of a Muslim. Islam in its fundamental teachings promotes tolerance and love. Islamists have originated from people having moderate background living in cities. Mostly youngsters have are its prime followers. They don’t consider themselves to be the revolutionaries rather they say they are bringing the lost values back to the culture and society. Islamism condemns the economic system that world follows and suggests the Islamic economic system where interest rates should be replaced by investments made on profit and loss basis. When it comes to women they have contradicting views leading from conservatives to liberal. Sometimes they encourage women to work outside and sometimes they advocate women taking care of their families as their prime concern. The Islamist ideology could in no way support democracy, dictatorship is what they profess. A leader is responsible for listening to people’s problems and solving them accordingly. The Islamists have started to adopt a violent approach towards addressing different issues and demands for almost last two decades and are considered responsible for many destructive activities killing thousands of people worldwide. Nowadays, Islamists have been feared as a long term threat as there are growing powers day by day with more and more young people joining their force. How to cite The Islamism: Origin, Ideology, Aims Objectives, Papers

Psychological theories free essay sample

Explain the contribution of contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours and assess the contribution of complementary and contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours. P2 In this part of the assignment the author will explain the contribution of complementary psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours The two specific behaviours the author has chosen are aggression and addiction. The biological theory on addiction is this theory believes that there are genetic build ups in a person that causes them to react different to addiction, this could mean someone has more of an addictive personality compared to another person. They believe the genetic makeup impact the processing of such chemicals in an individual so they either become addicted easily or not. They believe there is a trigger that in combination with psychological and environmental help causes a person to become addicted easily. There is also evidence to support that addiction can be inherited, or that some individuals may be more likely to developing an addiction than others. Support for this theory comes from twin studies. In these studies, identical twins that were separated at birth (i. e. , raised in completely different environments) were found to have similar levels of alcohol levels at different points in their lives. Even though both siblings may have been raised in different alcohol-free homes, they were just as likely to develop alcoholism. Studies have shown that adopted children have rates of alcoholism closer to those of their natural parents than to those of their adoptive parents‘one study found that 30–40 percent of natural children of alcoholics become alcoholics themselves, as opposed to a rate of 10 percent for the general population (Kolata, 1987). Some experts conclude that the rate of heritability of alcoholism—the chance of inheriting the disorder—is â€Å"similar to that expected for diabetes or peptic ulcer disease† (Schuckit, 1984, p. 62). Now that the entire human DNA sequence has been â€Å"decoded,† it is entirely possible that during the coming decade scientists will discover a genetic link with alcoholism’ (highered. mcgraw-hill. com/sites/dl/free/ /Goode7_Sample_ch03. pdf date accessed 18/04/13 time 12. 35pm) This extract from the website shown is proof that the biological theory was correct or could be classed as being correct. It also shows that there could be a genetic link towards addiction in individuals however this study mainly focuses on alcoholism but it is a study that shows an addiction being passed on through genetics. Aggression is a form of emotion also known as anger, however aggressive behaviour is more violent that anger. An aggressive person may show aggressive behaviour through sharp tones in their voice or by abusing someone. Social Learning Theorists, such as Bandura (1965), claim that aggressive behaviour is learned through observing and imitating aggressive models. Aggressive behaviour is strengthened and maintained if it has a desirable outcome (reinforcement). Banduras series of Bobo doll experiments revealed a number of factors that determine whether observed aggressive behaviour is imitated. Bandura proved this when he conducted an experiment where he had four groups of children, one group of children witnessed the bobo doll being abused by a role model, the second group of children witnessed a violent cartoon, the third group of children witnessed a violent film and the last group of children witnessed no violence at all. When left to do what the children desired the children that had witnessed a form of violence then went on to abuse the bobo doll, the children that had witnessed no violence at all began to play with the doll. The deindividuation complements the social learning theory as it Deindividuation means a person losing their inhibitions because they are no longer identifiable. One way that people can become deindividuated is when they are part of a large group or a crowd. Deindividuation has been used to explain why people who are usually well-behaved can become violent during group interactions, for example, riots. The deindivduation theory complements the social learning theory as agrees that people change depending on role models. The deindividuation theory and the social learning theory compliment each other as they both agree that if an individual witnesses aggressive behaviour the individual could change their personality to match role models which could in turn, change their aggression levels. P3 In this part of the assignment the author will explain the contribution of contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours Addiction is thought of a biological nature that is past through genetics according to the biological theory as explained in P2. A contrasting theory of the biological theory would be the classical and operant conditioning theory, this was made by Pavlov. The basis of conditioning theories is that addiction is the end result of the reinforcement of drug use. The drug acts as a reinforcer and gains control over the user’s behavior. In contrast to the biological models of the exposure theories, these conditioning models suggest that anyone can show addictive behavior if they are given reinforcements, regardless of their genetics. The advantage of this theory is that it offers the potential for considering all excessive activities along with drug abuse within a simpler group: those of rewarded behavior. There are many reinforcement models that have been defined including the classical conditioning model. This model defines addiction as a behavior that is repeated because of the attention given associated with its reinforcement. An example of where this theory is used is when Pavlov rung the bell to his dog and gave the dog food, the dog then learnt when the bell rang he would be rewarded, this could be used as an explanation to addiction. When the drug user takes the drug they are rewarded as they get a ‘high’ this is the same kind of thing as Pavlov’s dog as the drug is the stimulus as was the bell to his dog and the ‘high’ being a reward as was the food to the dog. Pavlov’s dog had be conditioned to believe that when the bell rang he would be given a reward, so as a drug user you would tend to believe that if you take the drug you are rewarded which could lead to addiction. The Biological and conditioning theory contrast as the biological theory believes addiction is within genetics and the conditioning theory believes that addiction is within positive and negative reinforcement on drug abuse. Aggression is thought to be learnt from surrounding people’s actions and imitating them according to the social learning theory which has been previously explained. However the biological theory suggests that all aggression comes from genetics, this could be because one or both parents have not had enough dopamine in their brain or there is a chemical imbalance in which the individual becomes more aggressive. ‘One classic study in the 1960s (Jacobs et al. , 1965) found that a surprising number of men in prison had XYY sex chromosomes instead of the normal XY. The researchers hypothesized that the extra Y chromosome might make the men more aggressive. Later studies have found that such genetic abnormalities are in fact widespread throughout the general population and therefore can’t explain aggression. More recently, studies have identified genetic trends in twins and families. For example, Brunner et al. (1993) identified a common gene in male members of a Danish family who all exhibited abnormal aggressive behavior’(http://ashbournecollegepsychology. wordpress. com/psya3/aggression/biological-explanations-of-aggression/ date 18/04/13 time 15:48) This extract from the shown website shows that studies have proved that the genetic makeup of an individuals brain makes the individuals more aggressive. These two theories contrast as Bandura believed that aggression is an imitated behaviour that an individual has been shown through a role model for example if the individuals dad beats their mother or vice versa the child would grow up to believe hitting people is the right thing to do, whereas the biological theory suggests that aggression is past through to the individual through chemical imbalances of the brain and genetic makeup. M2 In this part of the assignment the author will assess the contribution of complementary and contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours. The biological theory contributes to helping addiction as the individual could now be treating and prescribed medication to balance the imbalanced chemicals of the brain to help the individual become less addicted to certain drugs. It also contributes as there can be treatments such as acupuncture, hypnosis and tablets to take to enable the individual to come off a certain drug. These treatments work by conditioning the brain to allow the addiction part of the brain to silence itself. This helps as the levels of addiction decreases. Social Learning Theory on aggressive behaviour has contributed to solving aggressive behaviour as if an individual is displaying actions of aggression which they are imitating from parents or other role models they could be removed from the environment and learn that aggression is wrong. The social learning theory contributes to solving aggression as it also detects which role model could be the aggressor and then the aggressor could be helped to change. The deindividuation theory that complements Bandura’s theory could also contribute to solving aggression through counselling as in a counselling session the councillor could give advice on moving away from the group or other party in which is making the individual act in a way not known for them. The Biological and conditioning theory may contrast as the biological theory believes addiction is within genetics and the conditioning theory believes that addiction is within positive and negative reinforcement on drug abuse. However they have now worked together and contributed to stopping addiction as the individual may have the gene where they are an addictive person but through positive and negative reinforcing done at the right time they could be able to start understanding that drug abuse is wrong. They have done this by getting such businesses and drug help lines to go into educational environments to stimulate the process or reinforcing to an individual the wrongs of doing drug abuse, they have also got drug workers to help people get off drug abuse. This has helped society as there has been a decrease in drug abuse problems. The social learning theory and the biological theory also contrast for the reasons explained previously. However the social learning theory has helped aggression as if an individual is displaying actions of aggression which they are imitating from parents or other role models they could be removed from the environment and learn that aggression is wrong. The social learning theory contributes to solving aggression as it also detects which role model could be the aggressor and then the aggressor could be helped to change. The biological theory which contrasts to the social learning theory has contributed as we can now understand the inside of male’s chromosomes as to why that particular kind of male becomes more aggressive. This helps as if a male has the ‘aggressive chromosomes’ they can get help through counselling and conditioning with reinforcement. This as also contributed as it may not tell us as to why women get aggressive but it will prompt further investigation as to why they do which will give more information and facts of treatment or help the female may need. In conclusion in this assignment the author has explained the contribution of complementary psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours, explained the contribution of contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours and assessed the contribution of complementary and contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours.

Psychological theories free essay sample

Explain the contribution of contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours and assess the contribution of complementary and contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours. P2 In this part of the assignment the author will explain the contribution of complementary psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours The two specific behaviours the author has chosen are aggression and addiction. The biological theory on addiction is this theory believes that there are genetic build ups in a person that causes them to react different to addiction, this could mean someone has more of an addictive personality compared to another person. They believe the genetic makeup impact the processing of such chemicals in an individual so they either become addicted easily or not. They believe there is a trigger that in combination with psychological and environmental help causes a person to become addicted easily. There is also evidence to support that addiction can be inherited, or that some individuals may be more likely to developing an addiction than others. Support for this theory comes from twin studies. In these studies, identical twins that were separated at birth (i. e. , raised in completely different environments) were found to have similar levels of alcohol levels at different points in their lives. Even though both siblings may have been raised in different alcohol-free homes, they were just as likely to develop alcoholism. Studies have shown that adopted children have rates of alcoholism closer to those of their natural parents than to those of their adoptive parents‘one study found that 30–40 percent of natural children of alcoholics become alcoholics themselves, as opposed to a rate of 10 percent for the general population (Kolata, 1987). Some experts conclude that the rate of heritability of alcoholism—the chance of inheriting the disorder—is â€Å"similar to that expected for diabetes or peptic ulcer disease† (Schuckit, 1984, p. 62). Now that the entire human DNA sequence has been â€Å"decoded,† it is entirely possible that during the coming decade scientists will discover a genetic link with alcoholism’ (highered. mcgraw-hill. com/sites/dl/free/ /Goode7_Sample_ch03. pdf date accessed 18/04/13 time 12. 35pm) This extract from the website shown is proof that the biological theory was correct or could be classed as being correct. It also shows that there could be a genetic link towards addiction in individuals however this study mainly focuses on alcoholism but it is a study that shows an addiction being passed on through genetics. Aggression is a form of emotion also known as anger, however aggressive behaviour is more violent that anger. An aggressive person may show aggressive behaviour through sharp tones in their voice or by abusing someone. Social Learning Theorists, such as Bandura (1965), claim that aggressive behaviour is learned through observing and imitating aggressive models. Aggressive behaviour is strengthened and maintained if it has a desirable outcome (reinforcement). Banduras series of Bobo doll experiments revealed a number of factors that determine whether observed aggressive behaviour is imitated. Bandura proved this when he conducted an experiment where he had four groups of children, one group of children witnessed the bobo doll being abused by a role model, the second group of children witnessed a violent cartoon, the third group of children witnessed a violent film and the last group of children witnessed no violence at all. When left to do what the children desired the children that had witnessed a form of violence then went on to abuse the bobo doll, the children that had witnessed no violence at all began to play with the doll. The deindividuation complements the social learning theory as it Deindividuation means a person losing their inhibitions because they are no longer identifiable. One way that people can become deindividuated is when they are part of a large group or a crowd. Deindividuation has been used to explain why people who are usually well-behaved can become violent during group interactions, for example, riots. The deindivduation theory complements the social learning theory as agrees that people change depending on role models. The deindividuation theory and the social learning theory compliment each other as they both agree that if an individual witnesses aggressive behaviour the individual could change their personality to match role models which could in turn, change their aggression levels. P3 In this part of the assignment the author will explain the contribution of contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours Addiction is thought of a biological nature that is past through genetics according to the biological theory as explained in P2. A contrasting theory of the biological theory would be the classical and operant conditioning theory, this was made by Pavlov. The basis of conditioning theories is that addiction is the end result of the reinforcement of drug use. The drug acts as a reinforcer and gains control over the user’s behavior. In contrast to the biological models of the exposure theories, these conditioning models suggest that anyone can show addictive behavior if they are given reinforcements, regardless of their genetics. The advantage of this theory is that it offers the potential for considering all excessive activities along with drug abuse within a simpler group: those of rewarded behavior. There are many reinforcement models that have been defined including the classical conditioning model. This model defines addiction as a behavior that is repeated because of the attention given associated with its reinforcement. An example of where this theory is used is when Pavlov rung the bell to his dog and gave the dog food, the dog then learnt when the bell rang he would be rewarded, this could be used as an explanation to addiction. When the drug user takes the drug they are rewarded as they get a ‘high’ this is the same kind of thing as Pavlov’s dog as the drug is the stimulus as was the bell to his dog and the ‘high’ being a reward as was the food to the dog. Pavlov’s dog had be conditioned to believe that when the bell rang he would be given a reward, so as a drug user you would tend to believe that if you take the drug you are rewarded which could lead to addiction. The Biological and conditioning theory contrast as the biological theory believes addiction is within genetics and the conditioning theory believes that addiction is within positive and negative reinforcement on drug abuse. Aggression is thought to be learnt from surrounding people’s actions and imitating them according to the social learning theory which has been previously explained. However the biological theory suggests that all aggression comes from genetics, this could be because one or both parents have not had enough dopamine in their brain or there is a chemical imbalance in which the individual becomes more aggressive. ‘One classic study in the 1960s (Jacobs et al. , 1965) found that a surprising number of men in prison had XYY sex chromosomes instead of the normal XY. The researchers hypothesized that the extra Y chromosome might make the men more aggressive. Later studies have found that such genetic abnormalities are in fact widespread throughout the general population and therefore can’t explain aggression. More recently, studies have identified genetic trends in twins and families. For example, Brunner et al. (1993) identified a common gene in male members of a Danish family who all exhibited abnormal aggressive behavior’(http://ashbournecollegepsychology. wordpress. com/psya3/aggression/biological-explanations-of-aggression/ date 18/04/13 time 15:48) This extract from the shown website shows that studies have proved that the genetic makeup of an individuals brain makes the individuals more aggressive. These two theories contrast as Bandura believed that aggression is an imitated behaviour that an individual has been shown through a role model for example if the individuals dad beats their mother or vice versa the child would grow up to believe hitting people is the right thing to do, whereas the biological theory suggests that aggression is past through to the individual through chemical imbalances of the brain and genetic makeup. M2 In this part of the assignment the author will assess the contribution of complementary and contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours. The biological theory contributes to helping addiction as the individual could now be treating and prescribed medication to balance the imbalanced chemicals of the brain to help the individual become less addicted to certain drugs. It also contributes as there can be treatments such as acupuncture, hypnosis and tablets to take to enable the individual to come off a certain drug. These treatments work by conditioning the brain to allow the addiction part of the brain to silence itself. This helps as the levels of addiction decreases. Social Learning Theory on aggressive behaviour has contributed to solving aggressive behaviour as if an individual is displaying actions of aggression which they are imitating from parents or other role models they could be removed from the environment and learn that aggression is wrong. The social learning theory contributes to solving aggression as it also detects which role model could be the aggressor and then the aggressor could be helped to change. The deindividuation theory that complements Bandura’s theory could also contribute to solving aggression through counselling as in a counselling session the councillor could give advice on moving away from the group or other party in which is making the individual act in a way not known for them. The Biological and conditioning theory may contrast as the biological theory believes addiction is within genetics and the conditioning theory believes that addiction is within positive and negative reinforcement on drug abuse. However they have now worked together and contributed to stopping addiction as the individual may have the gene where they are an addictive person but through positive and negative reinforcing done at the right time they could be able to start understanding that drug abuse is wrong. They have done this by getting such businesses and drug help lines to go into educational environments to stimulate the process or reinforcing to an individual the wrongs of doing drug abuse, they have also got drug workers to help people get off drug abuse. This has helped society as there has been a decrease in drug abuse problems. The social learning theory and the biological theory also contrast for the reasons explained previously. However the social learning theory has helped aggression as if an individual is displaying actions of aggression which they are imitating from parents or other role models they could be removed from the environment and learn that aggression is wrong. The social learning theory contributes to solving aggression as it also detects which role model could be the aggressor and then the aggressor could be helped to change. The biological theory which contrasts to the social learning theory has contributed as we can now understand the inside of male’s chromosomes as to why that particular kind of male becomes more aggressive. This helps as if a male has the ‘aggressive chromosomes’ they can get help through counselling and conditioning with reinforcement. This as also contributed as it may not tell us as to why women get aggressive but it will prompt further investigation as to why they do which will give more information and facts of treatment or help the female may need. In conclusion in this assignment the author has explained the contribution of complementary psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours, explained the contribution of contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours and assessed the contribution of complementary and contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours.

Albums of the Musical Group Run-D.M.C. free essay sample

I was In the first semester of my senior year In high school. It was 1986 and Walk This Way was on the airways. I found myself really enjoying this Rap song by this group Run-D. M. C.. I would later find out that it was an Aerostatic song re-made. At the time I didnt and couldnt believe it because I had never heard of Aerostatic before or any of their songs. I actually had heard of Sweet Emotions, but l, at that time, had never known who sang that song.I had already been listening to rap music for a few years. I only knew of the groups my friends knew and later would Finn out that Run-D. M. C. Had mad two albums before the Raising Hell album which Walk this Way was on. Over the next couple years I learned more about this group from hearing previous albums like King of Rock which I ended up buying later on down the road. We will write a custom essay sample on Albums of the Musical Group: Run-D.M.C. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I also saw the movie Crush Groove which featured many rap artists like Curtis Blow, L L Cool J, and the Fat Boys. This movie came out a few years earlier but I was one the wiser back then. Run-D.M. C. . From Hollies, Queen, NY, featuring Joseph Run Simmons. Darryl D. M. C. McDaniel, and Jason Jam-Master Jay Micelle, hit the scene as a group in 1984 with their first album Run-D. M. C. Under the label of Profile Records which featured such songs as Jam Master Jay and Hard times. Another song on that album was Rock Bow which was a fusion hard rock and hip hop. This would become the groups signature sound and carry a new sound of rap into the asss. They were also the first group to drop the glam style that the rap artists before them were wearing.Those early artists wore extravagant clothes which mirrored the disco style. Run-D. M. C. Only wore jeans and Aids without shoe laces. This was Missiles own style that the group adopted. Run later said: There were guys that wore hats like those and sneakers with no shoestrings. It was a very street thing to wear, extremely rough. They couldnt wear shoelaces in Jail and we took It as a fashion statement. The reason they couldnt have shoelaces In Jail as because they might hang themselves.That why DIM says My Dallas only bring good news and they are not used as felon shoes. This style would define hip hop fashion over the next 25 years. The next album was King of Rock which had such songs as the title track King of Rock, Can You Rock It Like This and the first hip hop/danceable hybrids Roots, Rap, Reggae. King of Rock was the first rap video to alarm on MET. Their third album, Ralston Hell, which I started out with, featured songs Walk This Way, Its Tricky, and successful album of all their albums.

A Federalists Speech essays

A Federalist's Speech essays A Federalist's Speech (I made this up actually) Many of us are overreacting; the Constitution is not meant to oppress us. As of now, our states are vulnerable. Do you honestly think that one of our states can maintain their independence from the British on its own? Survival as a respected nation requires the transfer of important, though limited, powers to a central government, and this can be done without destroying the identity or autonomy of separate states. I am like you; none of us wants to replace one oppressive monarchy with another centralized, unrestrained regime. But our Articles of Confederation were unstable and disorganized, and they allowed for petty jealousy and competition between states. Americans, we must unite; but I see that we must also have a balance of power. This Constitution allows for this new kind of balance, never achieved elsewhere. Indeed, the Federalist Papers themselves indicate a balance or compromise between the national propensities of Mr. Hamilton- who reflects the commercial interests of a port city, New York- and the wariness of Mr. Madison, who shares the suspicion of distant authority widely held by Virginia farmers. Rather than the absolute sovereignty of each state granted by those Articles, the states will retain a residual sovereignty in all those areas that do not require national concern. The very process of ratification of the Constitution symbolizes the concept of federalism rather than nationalism. As our friend Mr. Madison puts it: This assent and ratification is to be given by the people, not as individuals composing one entire nation, but as composing the distinct and individual States to which they respectively belong... The act therefore establishing the Constitution will not be a national but a federal act. Under this Constitution, we will have a concurrency of powers between the national and state governments, analogous to the planets revolving around the sun...

Analysis at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis at Work - Essay Example The purpose is to show that the religion can transition, specifically to keep the initial spirit of Christianity alive. To do this, Spong uses repetition, anecdotes and prediction as rhetorical strategies, all which allow him to convince the audience of the need for a new reform in the church. Spong’s Audience When beginning to read this book, one can instantly define the audience as strong Christians in the church. The individuals are devoted to the religion of Christianity and what the church offers, specifically because of tradition, honest belief in God and the understanding of creating a specific relationship to God through a church. This is depicted from the various chapters about defining God in Spong’s book, as well as the first approach which is used in the book, which is to create a basis that everyone reading the book has an understanding of God and the divine presence. More important, this is one that goes outside of Christianity into the general idea of wha t God is, specifically to establish a connection between different types of Christians that are devoted to the sense of spirituality. â€Å"The God I know is not concrete or specific. This God is rather shrouded in mystery, wonder and awe. The deeper I journey into this divine presence, the less any literalized phrases, including the phrases of the Christian creed, seem relevant† (Spong, 4). This particular quote shows how the idea of God is one that is based both in Christianity and outside of the name and form which is often attributed to God. This is done specifically to speak to Christians who are devoted to the faith but which come from different walks of life. Another characteristic that is essential about Spong’s audience is with the belief that each is noting the need to change the church and the expression of believing in God. It is this main concept that Spong basis his book and various ideals. The main idea is to find devoted Christians that have lost faith in the present churches and the actions which have been taken, as well as the hypocrisy which is often associated with the church. The concept of the believers in exile is the first way which this is seen, with specific references to churches that aren’t acting on the belief in God. The second is with the continuous association with the main words of the Bible as well as the need to build a church of the future. There are phrases based on destroying the old church and building one that is new and creating a new religious understanding (pg. 227). These show that those reading the book are most likely looking for new answers about the functions of the church and what is needed for this time period. Rhetorical Strategies The audience that is defined is then able to easily be seen the different concepts which apply to the building of a new church, specifically because most aren’t looking for the same attributes as the current status of religion. The first way in which this is seen is through the use of repetition. The repetition includes specific words repeated over different phrases as well as repeating the same ideas throughout the book. For instance, there is constant repetition of â€Å"being in exile† and coming out of the exile with a â€Å"new church.† The repetition of these words then begin to influence the reader with the same belief

Perception of Professional Sign Language Interpretation in Saudi Research Proposal

Perception of Professional Sign Language Interpretation in Saudi Arabia - Research Proposal Example This research will begin with the statement that sign language is true and natural language that has existed and develop it in the deaf community. It is the primary language of many individuals who are deaf, such as American Sign Language (ASL), Saudi Sign Language (ASL). The Swiss-German Sign Language (DSGS) was created to strengthen the use of sign language among the German-hearing individuals in Switzerland. In different situations, almost all of the sign language interpreters will have to deal with students or individuals who are deaf. In the process of completing the ASL program in the United States or training programs of DSGS in Switzerland, sign language interpreters can have the necessary qualifications, knowledge and skills needed to become a qualified sign language interpreter within the educational or non-educational settings. As of 2014, the total population in Saudi Arabia has reached 30.62 million. A total of 247,217 individuals within the Arab-region were reported hav ing hearing loss. In Saudi Arabia alone, approximately 100,000 individuals are deaf. Established in 2000, the Association for Hearing Impaired supports the use of sign language in Saudi Arabia. In fact, the Saudi Association of Hearing Impairment came up with a Saudi sign language dictionary to support the learning and teaching experience of students and teachers of Saudi sign language. Which it is encouraging to make a good communication between the deaf and hearing individuals, and find people interested in sign language interpretation in Saudi Arabia.

Judith Thomsons Responsibility Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Judith Thomsons Responsibility Argument - Essay Example That is why in the course of the years, both sides of the discussion tried to come up with convincing argument. This paper ill describe and then critically analyze one of the ideas that was developed by Judith Thomson who supports abortion. In the course of the defense, the author comes up with several analogies which are supposed to be projected on the issue of abortion and convince the people that the latter is permissible. One of such analogues deals with the imaginary people-seeds. According to the author, there is world where the latter are floating in the air freely and are able to root in one’s furniture. One is able to take special precautions not to let them happen by installing special screens that would keep this pollen away. However, just like any material object, the screens might be defective and people-seeds might eventually end up in the house and root in the furniture. There is no doubt that the parallel between this thought experiment and conception is straightforward. The author goes further, claiming that there are certain rights that can be identified in this situation. First of all, the people-seeds do not have a legitimate right to dwell in the apartment of the person. The latter does not want to have children and the fact that the seeds were able to get it is nothing, but a coincidence. In addition to that, this person has an absolute right to get rid of the people-seeds since the latter are not welcome in the house. As one can clearly see this is a clear allusion to abortion. What is more important is that one can also name several duties that people have with regard to the question above. First of all, it is their duty to use means of protection that are available, primarily the above mentioned screens. The author suggests that there might be more extreme ways to make sure that people-seeds would not take a root as getting rid of all the furniture in the house (perform hysterectomy) or seal all doors and windows (never

Assessment Of Pharmacology Teaching Nursing Essay

Assessment Of Pharmacology Teaching Nursing Essay Students feedback is an indicator of the success of any teaching methodology followed in a department. AIM/OBJECTIVE: To identify strengths and weaknesses in the current teaching-learning and evaluation methodology in pharmacology using feedback from second MBBS students in Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Questionnaire was designed and finalised after a departmental discussion in concurrence with Medical Education Unit. The study subjects were 115 (2011batch) second-year medical students. They were requested to fill the questionnaire. A 10-item multiple choice questionnaires were used to explore the students opinion on teaching. The questionnaires were analyzed. RESULTS: 115 II M.B.B.S students participated and descriptive statistics was used for analysis of data. The analysis revealed 82.82%, 72.17% and 93.64% students interest towards writing classification of drugs, weekly test and viva-voce respectively. CONCLUSION: The present study has h elped us to elicit the student preference regarding pharmacology teaching and its outcome would be helpful in modifying undergraduate pharmacology teaching pattern. KEY WORDS: Medical education, Pharmacology Assessment, Medical school learners. INTRODUCTION: The primary aim of teaching pharmacology to medical students is to train them on rational and scientific basis of therapeutics. Pharmacology teaching is facing a major challenge in the medical science due to constant reformation. Generally, there is a opinion that teaching pharmacology in medical schools has failed to keep in pace with the rapid changes in medical practice. Attempts have been made all over India to make teaching of pharmacology more interesting and relevant (Gitanjali.B.et.al. 2006). To make pharmacology teaching more innovative and interacting learning experience, efforts have been made by formulating new educational strategies to meet the educational objectives. Educational objectives can be evaluated by assessment procedures and timely feedback to achieve the learning goal. In Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Pharmacology teaching comprises mostly of a series of didactic lectures using power point presentations covering general, systemic pharmacology and practical pharmacology which includes animal experiments and clinical pharmacology sessions spread over the academic year. To evaluate the students progress we conduct monthly internal assessment tests consisting of multiple choice questions, essay questions, short notes and ultra short notes for 3 hr time duration including model practical exams conducted twice in a year. Regular viva voce exams follow the monthly internal assessment test to develop their communication and interaction skills. Apart from this regular schedule of assessment, we also introduced a method of assignment on classification of drugs after each system. To reinforce the learning process, we implemented weekly test on the first hour of every week based on the lectures delivered over the previous week. The test was conducted for one hour which covered various portions of the chapter in detail testing the levels of knowledge. After completing the above schedule meticulously, at the end of the year to understand the beneficiaries opinion we planned to collect the students feedback. Currently the students feedback represents the primary means used by different programs to assess their methodology (Richardson B.K.2004). Feedback helps in correcting mistakes, reinforcing good performances and incorporating students view in teaching methodology. It is accepted that reviewing the teaching and evaluation methods by feedback from students and modifying of methodologies accordingly is very important for the undergraduate medical teaching. (Ruth N 2000, Victoroff KZ 2006) Thus the present study is an effort to obtain and analyze critical appraisal on, The student attitude toward teaching and learning pharmacology in Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Enathur, Kanchipuram. Assessment of pharmacology teaching using student feedback. Methods to improve the teaching of pharmacology. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was designed to obtain feedback and finalized after a departmental discussion with concurrence of Medical Education Unit. The study subjects were 115-second year MBBS students of 2011 batch studying in Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Enathur, Kanchipuram. All the students enrolled in the study were requested to fill up the questionnaire. The study was conducted at the end of their academic year in Department of Pharmacology. A ten-item multiple choice questionnaires and an open ended question for suggestion were provided to explore the students opinion on teaching and learning methods imparted. The questionnaire was analyzed by two observers. The questionnaire was designed in such a way to assess the knowledge, their attitude and skills developed during their one and half year course in pharmacology. Both the theoretical and practical pharmacology practiced by different methods during their study period were evaluated from the feedback form. Statistics: Descriptive statistics was used for analysis of data. Frequency was shown as percentage. Results: One hundred and fifteen students of II MBBS participated and responded in the questionnaire study. Based on the pattern of studying pharmacology,48.69% studied pharmacology once or twice a week on regular basis and 34.78% opted studying only for monthly tests and viva voce exams which reflects on their regular preparation for monthly internal assessment test(TABLE-1).54.75% of students preferred lecture notes and text books as the source of studying pharmacology. TABLE -1 Majority (87.82%) of students approved writing and maintaining classification of drugs. 53.91% have opined that the assignments had improved in better understanding about the different classes of drugs.43.47% of them have reported its usefulness to memorize and reproduce in the test and also to apply in their clinical postings. Among the assessment methods, 54.78% of students favored monthly internal assessment test for their significant improvement in their academic performance. In the weekly test conducted, 72.17% of students found weekly lectures correlating with weekly tests, 51.30% of students mentioned that the true or false part of the weekly tests created interest (TABLE-2). TABLE-2 Majority (66.95%) of students preferred regular tests in clinical pharmacology sessions when compared to the experimental pharmacology. Most (93.64%) of the students have mentioned regular viva-voce exams following monthly internal assessment test had improved their communication skills. Among the teaching learning methods practiced, 52.17% of students preferred theory lectures followed by clinical pharmacology sessions 46.95% and group discussions 45.21%(TABLE-3). TABLE-3 Discussion: Feedback is defined as a response within a system that influences continuous activity or productivity of that system. In the present study on educational context, it would mean a response from the learner about the teaching learning process. Feedback is essential to find out the effectiveness of the process, the need to change it, as well as, to evolve strategy for its improvement. From the feedback evaluation obtained, it is observed that students like to study pharmacology by regular test / viva and interactive classes so by these way students understand the subject properly (Nilesh Chavda 2011 et.al). This is very much correlating in the present study feedback results. It was found that students preferred writing and maintaining classification of drugs throughout their academic year, which were corrected periodically by the faculty, who played the role of mentor for the given group of students to cultivate and sustain the habit. Writing classification of drugs by medical school learners has helped them to understand the different classes of drugs and also to systematically memorize and reproduce in the written test as well as the knowledge application in clinical rotations (TABLE-4). TABLE-4 Students opined that monthly internal assessment test was mostly useful than the weekly written test for their academic performance in theory exams, the reason for the following may be monthly internal assessment pattern is similar to that of university examination. The weekly written test has definitely kept the students in pace with the portions being completed every week. By answering the weekly test their preparation, facing and performing monthly internal assessment had become extremely comfortable and confident . The weekly test had various parts, students considered true or false part of the weekly test has created interested in them, the fact to get such a feedback may be the chances of getting the wrong answer is only 50%. Also they have mentioned that, Match the following with extended responses have stimulated their thought process to find the correct response. The feedback also emphasized the students interest towards more interactive sessions on Clinical pharmacology exe rcises and felt it should be given regular emphasis than the animal experiments. According to Gibbs G et al, 1987 active review during the lecture, involving students in structured discussions, using questionnaires and asking them to summarize are the three most important things to be followed and practiced for a effective teaching-learning process. To conclude though the teaching learning method implemented in the present study required a lot of strenuous hard work from the faculty particularly preparing questions, organizing test and more importantly correcting all the papers in a week period, it has created an interest in learning pharmacology among students. The feedback from learners has clearly exhibited their likeliness for the variety or different methodological approach instead of regular didactic lectures offered by the department of Pharmacology. Acknowledgements: We sincerely thank our II M.B.B.S Students of Meenakshi Medical College Research Institute (GRIFFINZ) for the participation

The Apology of Socrates: Guilty or Innocent? Essay -- Philosophy essay

The Apology of Socrates: Guilty or Innocent?   Ã‚   In any case of law, when considering truth and justice, one must first look at the validity of the court and the system itself.   In Socrates' case, the situation is no different.   One may be said to be guilty or innocent of any crime, but guilt or innocence is only as valid as the court it is subjected to.   Therefore, in considering whether Socrates is guilty or not, it must be kept in mind the norms and standards of Athens at that time, and the validity of his accusers and the crimes he allegedly committed.   Is Socrates guilty or innocent of his accusations?  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What exactly is Socrates being accused of?   "Socrates is guilty of engaging in inquiries into things beneath the earth and in the heavens, of making the weaker argument appear the stronger, and of teaching others these same things" (29).   Socrates is charged with impiety, a person who does not believe in the gods of Athens.   Socrates defends this charge, claiming that he was propositioned by the gods through the Oracle of Delphi, to question people's wisdom.   He states, "...but when god stationed me, as I supposed and assumed, ordering me to live philosophizing and examining myself and others...that my whole care is to commit no unjust or impious deed."   By claiming that defense, Socrates manages to sway Meletus toward his point.   This point being that Socrates cannot both be atheistic and to believe in demons, for this would contradict his not believing in gods at all, s... ... a criminal matter nor a strain on the Athenian society, but a challenge to an oppressive and aristocracy ruling class.   Socrates became a symbol of true wisdom and knowledge, a symbol that needed to be disposed of for the elites to remain the power holders in society. Works Cited and Consulted: Plato. "The Apology of Socrates." West, Thomas G. and West, Grace Starry, eds. Plato  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and Aristophanes: Four Texts on Socrates. Itacha, NY: Cornell University Press,   1997 "Plato." Literature of the Western World, Volume 1. 5th edition by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2001. 1197-1219. "Plato." The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces, Volume I. 6th ed. NY: W.W. Norton and Co., 1992. 726-746.

Learning Team Deliverable Essay

The assignment for this week focuses on the team’s understanding of the goals and objectives of training program development and delivery. Team C summarizes the following highlights of this week’s discussions: determining organizational development theories and applications; differentiating between mentoring and executive coaching; identifying the major components of employee training; and comparing career development strategies. Organizational Development Theories and Applications Organizational development (OD) focuses on the research, theory, and practices committed to increasing the knowledge and effectiveness of individuals to achieve positive and successful organizational transformations. OD is the continuous process of planning, implementing, and evaluating the goals of the company by the way of â€Å"transferring knowledge and skills to organizations to improve their capacity for solving problems and managing future change† (Organizational development theory, n.d.). The beginning of OD came from studies from the 1930s, 40s, and 50s where the realization arisen about how the structure of the organization and its processes helped shape an employee’s performance and drive. In recent years, OD is helping companies align with the changes occurring in the new business environment. Key to organizational development theories and applications is the organization’s climate, culture, and strategies. The Difference between Mentoring and Executive Coaching Many companies are now beginning to grasp the significance of mentoring and coaching their employees. Although many entry-level jobs do require a college education and a few years’ experience, it is crucial to provide the necessary tools and training to those employees interested in climbing the corporate ladder into managerial or supervisory positions. Now more than ever, companies are realizing the need to provide leadership advancement opportunities to its employees so as to motivate them, stay competitive and productive, which in turn positively impacts the bottom line of the business. Mentoring and coaching programs are now habitually used in many organizations to improve leadership qualities (Watt, 2004). The Major Components of Employee Training Employee training is essential to the both individual and companywide success. Training improves productivity and profitability, promotes a safe and healthy work environment, ensures compliance with laws and regulations, and creates opportunities for career development. There are several major components that should be included in an effective training program, and those components include performing a job analysis and needs assessment, establishing training objectives, conducting a training program, and evaluating training outcomes. Performing a job analysis involves formatting a detailed study of necessary job requirements including skills needed to complete the job and required employee qualifications. A needs assessment identifies training activities that are required in order to achieve company objectives. Before training, an employer must determine what will be accomplished as a result of the training. Training objectives are terms that describe the intended outcome of a training program. The objectives allow for the measurement of success as there are predetermined skill levels and conditions that should be achieved. In order to meet company objectives, the employer must conduct a training program. Training can be carried out through on-the-job training, job rotation, apprenticeship training, classroom training, and many other methods. Regardless of the method(s) of training implemented meeting training objectives should be the focus. It may be necessary to use more than one method of training or revise training if results are not being achieved. In order to determine the effectiveness,  the training outcome must be evaluated. The evaluation of training consists of a reaction, learning, behavior, and results. Results determine how much the trainee liked the program. Learning outlines what facts and concepts were learned. Behavior determines if the program had an effect on the behavior(s) of the trainees. And results highlight what was accomplished as a result of the program, i.e. reduction of turnover or cost. Evaluating a training program allows for an employer to identify and correct areas in which improvement is needed. In order accomplish company goals employees must be trained effectively. Training cannot be an afterthought; it should be planned and implemented correctly. Career Development Strategies Career development is comprised of three main objectives. The first objective is to meet human resource needs in a timely manner throughout the life of the business. The second objective is to provide information about open positions and opportunity for growth to the organization’s employees. The last objective is to use existing programs to develop and manage employee careers to match organizational plans and goals. Three different parties are responsible for professional development within the organization: the employee, the employee’s manager, and the organization itself. Various strategies exist to succeed in the development process. One strategy human resources may use is career pathing. For example, an existing employee would like to apply for a higher position within the company. To acquire the required skills, the employee may work with management and the human resource department to develop a blueprint of the steps required to achieve the necessary skill set or certification. Some organizations offer specialized education or training classes to their employees. Another strategy tool in career development is career counseling. Through career counseling, human resource managers can communication with the employee and the organization’s managers, while â€Å"employees explore career goals and opportunities in the organization† (ExploreHR.org, 2014). Conclusion Organizational development is an essential component in the success of an organization. As discussed above there are various OD theories and  applications that can be utilize to improve the overall effectiveness of company processes and operation. Mentoring and executive coaching are similar methods both used to improve employee performance or correct damaging behaviors. Employee training includes a number of components including, performing a job analysis and needs assessment, establishing training objectives, conducting a training program, and evaluating training outcomes. The primary strategies for career development are meeting human resource needs, providing information about opportunity for growth, and developing and managing employee careers. The above mentioned strategies and methods can be used in conjunction to improve company success. References Elements of Career Planning Programs. (2014). Retrieved on November 30, 2014 from http://www.explorehr.org/articles/Career_Management/Elements_of_Career_Planning_Programs.html Organizational development theory. Retrieved from http://www.med.upenn.edu/hbhe4/part4-ch15-organizational-development-theory.shtml Watt, L. (2004). Mentoring and coaching in the workplace: an insight into two leading leadership development programs in organizations. Canadian Manager.

Mr3 essays

Mr3 essays Is the federal division of powers an obstruction to good governance in the United States? The federal division of powers does not provide an obstruction to good governance in the US. For this argument to hold, federal division of power and good governance will be defined. This division provides for different levels of government representing the interests of the people rather than there being further layers of bureaucracy. Different examples will be used to show that the federal division of power does not hinder the goal of good governance. The term horizontal division of power applies to the separation in the federal government between the Presidency, Supreme Court and Congress. This answer will mainly concentrate on the vertical division of power between the federal, state and local governments. Firstly, the federal division of power has different meanings in different temporal contexts. The Founding Fathers envisaged the federal division of power as a form of dual sovereignty whereby the national and state governments had separate responsibilities as defined in the Constitution. Dual sovereignty in most cases was the pattern until the New Deal when circumstances changed and there was an increase in federal government activity infiltrating the power of the states. This made it impossible to divide government in such a definite way. The increased involvement of federal government has been inevitable because of the national integration of the economy with mass media, communications and finance. A division of power implies that there is a partition or split in the powers governing America. Superficially this is the case because there is; the Federal government that is internally separated, there are fifty State governments and under this, there are various municipality, district and regional governments. Nowadays, political life cannot be so perfectly compartmentalised because there must be adaptation ...

nato essays

nato essays A global war or an intercontinental nuclear exchange is highly unlikely in the current world political climate. But as long as considerable nuclear weapons and long range delivery systems exist in other countries and a developing threat resides with potential adversaries, the possibility of an aerospace attack on North America cannot be discounted. Furthermore, the proliferation of cruise and ballistic missiles, and weapons of mass destruction, has made the post-Cold War world more, rather than less, dangerous. New generations of these weapons may be in the hands of governments or organizations which could threaten the North American continent, or American and Canadian military personnel deployed around the world. Control of North America's airspace is challenged by those who violate the air sovereignty of Canada and the United States. In addition, weapons proliferation coupled with an increasingly unstable world, increases the importance of effective aerospace warning. The greatest benefit the Canadian and US governments derive from NORAD is their ability to share the resources and costs needed for aerospace security. It would be militarily impractical, as well as inefficient, for each nation to unilaterally perform NORAD's missions and functions. In Canada's case, although aerospace control would be possible, the mission of air defense in depth would be difficult due to the country's large land mass and relatively small defense force. Further, Canada depends entirely on US systems to provide warning of ballistic missile attack, both at home and at overseas locations where deployed Canadian military personnel could be threatened. Although other US military organizations could assume many of NORAD's tasks in aerospace warning, the increased costs and operational difficulties would be compounded by the loss of efficiency that is obtained through cross-border cooperation. In addition, the US benefits from the ability to receive earl...

Organization Culture Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organization Culture Exercise - Essay Example The personnel of the organization are involved as well as specialized in the arrangements of intercultural dialogues, networks and relationships. The organization is also involved in promoting education among the poor people of several countries. Considering the transparent role that the company is playing in terms of bringing together the people of different countries for the promotion of culture, the organizational culture of British Council is an example to be followed by the same people who are involved in different programs initiated by the organization. Considering the discussion of the organizational culture, the Competing Values Framework is one of the most successful business models which can answer well about an organizational environment and its working. The significant traits of this model can be seen through figure presented below: The model presented above can be said to be perfectly executed in the organizational culture of British Council. The human resource development is the key aim within the organization according to which the morale of the individual employees of the organization is boosted through various means. The internal process of the company is very transparent in which all the employees have stability in their job and they have firm control over their duties. The key aim is the spread of the information through all the departments involved in the organization into a particular activity. Growth is another feature that the employees are expected to show in the organizational environment, which means that the employees have to be forward-thinking and have positive approach in carrying out a particular function, and this is one main feature that has been experienced by me in the British Council’s organizational culture. The employees of the BC are also expected to be efficient and productive and for which they have better resources by using which they can become more transparent in their approach that

The Place of Religious Education In The Primary School Essay

The Place of Religious Education In The Primary School - Essay Example As the discussion highlights  education is a social system, which prepares and develops new members for the society. It is a process, which teaches them the social setting, morale and their expected behaviour in the society. It gives them an opportunity to choose their area of interest and develops them accordingly.  From the research it is clear that religious education can support the personal, social and emotional development of child.Religion can be defined as a set of beliefs. It involves emotions and feelings. It has its own set of dogmas and practices. Through religion one tries to define the relations between himself and divinity. There has been a continuous debate on the importance of religion in everyone’s life. Many academicians and philosophers have presented different views on religion.  There have been various definitions for religion given by various thinkers’ scholars and academicians. Religion has taken various shapes and forms in past few years w ith the development of civilisation. In various parts of world religion can be seen in different forms. There are certain things that are common in all the religion. These are things like existence of God, love for humanity, respect for each other, help the needy and many others. These things are more like an education for the proper living.  These things teach us to live and adjust in the society to make the place worth living. Any religion never teaches fight, killing, disrespect for humanity and terrorism.

Anything free style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anything free style - Essay Example Taking pictures and video-recording used to be two different jobs but now a digital camera performs a number of functions at the same time. It was quite costly when new but now prices have come down as a number of manufacturers are in the business. So, mostly all families have a digital camera. Purchasing a digital camera is not easy as a wrong decision can result in outdated purchase that has no guarantee of its parts. To save one from this error, one should buy a device which is quite costly than the average market price so that all latest features are there in that digital camera. One should look out for the price, the image resolution, size of the memory card, the LCD display, the interface, and the weight & size of a digital camera while purchasing. One important quality feature of a digital camera is its resolution, which technically is based on the number of pixels. A camera with higher pixels is known as better than lower number of pixels. Before buying a digital camera, it is important to know for what purpose you are buying it. For a big photo, using the zoom function on a small resolution camera will not provide a bigger picture. Zoom function can save money but the quality of picture is not good. It is better to select a better camera with a lesser memory. LCD- display is must to remove unwanted images and perform other functions related with LCD. Other features of digital cameras are creating a slide show, a digital photo album, and presentation on a computer, TV or multimedia projector. You can get images printed without using a computer. One can send images using email via the Internet. This is the most worthy feature of a digital camera. Digital cameras come in the price range of $300 to $9000 but don’t expect many features from a camera of $300. The popular brands selling digital cameras are: Sony, Canon and Nikon. Others include Casio, Fuji, HP, Kodak, Konica, and

Traditional Marriage Essay Example for Free

Traditional Marriage Essay â€Å"In Sacred Rite or Civil Right,† Howard Moody, a Baptist minister, discusses his inner thoughts on the subject of marriage. He explains the tradition of marriage and informs the rights and freedoms of the people along with describing how it all affects people whether they are against it or with it. Most Christians of all denominations believe that a â€Å"traditional marriage† is the union between two people of the opposite sex and only have one significant other. Moody explains, â€Å"Christians feel superior about their ‘tradition’ of marriage, I would remind them that their scriptural basis is not as clear about marriage as we might hope† (353 Moody). He discusses how in the Bible that some important men have more than one wife and some children have different mothers and fathers. Most people forget this or choose not to see it that way. They â€Å"seem to be unaware of the real history of the institution of marriage† (Mataconis). Anti-gay religious groups and anti-gay individuals are people who discriminate gays and lesbians and believe that they should not be given a â€Å"traditional marriage† because they view them as sinful and damned in hell for all eternity. Moody explains that these religious groups and individuals do not realize that their so called â€Å"traditional marriage† isn’t as what it seems to be. In earlier periods of time, such as the 1700s and 1800s, â€Å"Marriage was about property and power rather than mutual attraction. It was a way of forging political alliances, sealing business deals, and expanding the family labor force. For many people, marriage was an unavoidable duty† (Mataconis). As Mataconis states, a â€Å"traditional marriage† was thought of as a legal contract; that a couple who was to be married should be married under certain circumstances, not out of love as people nowadays believe it to be. Freedoms and rights are also huge according to Moody. If freedom of choice means anything to individuals (male or female), it means they have several options. They can be single and celibate without being thought of as strange or psychologically unbalanced†¦ single and sexually active without being labeled loose or immoral†¦ single with [a] child without being thought of as unfit or inadequate† (354 Moody). He believes that if these options were fine with society, the rate of divorce would have never reached as high as nearly 50 percent. He also states the differences of marriage between religion and state. The state sees marriage as a contract between a â€Å"man and woman in order to protect money, property, and children† and religion sees marriage as a spiritual and romantic union between two people (355 Moody). ‘Faith in America’, a group based on religious views, even states, â€Å"Every American citizen has the right and freedom to marry the person they love without regard to race, gender, nationality, religion or any other social category† (FIA). This claims that one’s rights should not be taken away due to any circumstance, whether society views it correct or not. Many people, whether they are for a â€Å"traditional marriage† or not, are either extremely affected by it or just don’t care. Some people just ignore it and don’t bother to say anything while others are constantly bickering about the morality of the matter. Some see same gender marriages as disgraceful, wrong, and incredibly sinful, while others go about their ways and do not give it much attention. Why would we as Americans not want our government and its laws to recognize that same marriage sanctity for gay and lesbian individuals in their pursuit of liberty and happiness? † (FIA). Many see same-sex marriage as a way to gain rights that opposite gender couples have, such as tax breaks, medical insurance, dependency status, retirement benefits, social security benefits and inheritance rights. â€Å"Obviously, the only reason one can discern is that the opponents believe that gay and lesbian people are not worthy of the benefits and spiritual blessings of marriage† (356 Moody). Never the less, whether people agree with it or not, life goes on. In conclusion, everyone has the right to be married to whomever they please, or they should at least be able to live with whoever they want. Though people may see it as immoral, it is a God given right that every person should be able to love whoever they want without discrimination. Is it wrong? That is up to a person’s beliefs, whether society agrees with today’s â€Å"traditional marriage† or not.

N-myristoylation: An Overview

N-myristoylation: An Overview N-myristoylation Protein N-myristoylation is the covalent attachment of myristate, a 14-carbon fatty acid, onto the N-terminal glycine residues of protein substrates. It is transferred co- or post-translationally to a subset of proteins from a thioester form, myristoyl-CoA, catalyzed by N-myristoyl transferases (NMTs). (insert genes expressing nmt1 and nmt2, NMT recognizes a general consensus sequence for myristoylation (Gly-X-X-X-(Ser/Thr/Cys)) containing a N-terminal glycine, 3 other amino acids and a serine, threonine or a cysteine in the fifth position.) While this process is often observed co-translationally on nascent shorter protein substrates, post-translation myristoylation ensues during apoptosis on N-terminal glycine residue exposed after caspase cleavage of protein substrates.1 An increase in proteins hydrophobicity conferred by this modification allows for weak protein-lipid and protein-protein interactions, as well as for membrane targeting and function of proteins involved in signal tr ansduction cascades.2 NMTs served as therapeutic targets owing to their importance for the survival of human pathogens and their association with carcinogenesis.1 To globally profile NMT protein substrates, chemical proteomic approaches have been employed where small tags on fatty acids such as an alkyne (YnMyr) or azide (AzMyr) (Fig. X) were developed to probe myristoylated proteins via metabolic labeling.3,4 This probe was successfully used in a high-confidence profiling of the co-translational myristoylome in human and zebra fish.5 Although YnMyr remains to be the probe of choice owing to its minimal background labeling6, it was demonstrated to label proteins with other known lipid-modifications such as NÃŽÂ µ-myristoyl,7 S-palmitoyl8 and GPI-anchors9-compromising its specificity towards labeling of N-terminal myristoylated proteins. To circumvent the challenge of identifying the true NMT substrates, Tate et al. used an integrated chemical biology approach where selective inhibition of NMT with smal l-molecule inhibitors combined with YnMyr labeling and quantitative proteomics allowed for profiling of more than 30 known and novel protein candidates for N-myristoylation in blood-stage malaria parasite.9 (describe that the presence of inhibitor abolished the labeling of the true substrates, which should not be enriched in control samples) This technology was also applied to globally profile the N-myristoylome of other human pathogens such as in  Leishmania donovani,10 Trypanosoma brucei,11and recently Trypanosoma cruzi.12Theprofiling of a large set of N-myristoylated proteins with diverse cellular functions unravels the significance of this lipid modification in these parasites. Furthermore, this also validates NMT as a viable drug target in attenuating the virulence of these pathogens. Extending the same approach to HeLa cancer cells enabled the identification of more than 100 of both co- and post-translationally modified N-myristoylated proteins, majority of which were identi fied at endogenous levels for the first time.13 Indeed, this robust technique proved to be powerful in discriminating on-target proteins from off-targets in a proteome-wide analysis, resulting in the discovery of novel NMT protein substrates at high confidence. Although promising, the method described where NMT inhibitors were used may not be applicable to more complex systems where cell viability may be compromised, e.g. in the context of viral and bacterial infection. An alternative targeted approach tosimplify data analysis of enriched proteins employs isolating those that bear the N-terminal glycine requirement for N-myristoylation. This enabled the profiling of downregulated host N-myristoylated proteins upon infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV)14, as well as novel fatty-acylated proteins encoded by HSV. This same approach provided a more defined picture of the demyristoylating function of the bacterial effector IpaJ upon host cell invasion of Shigella flexneri, which was determined to contribute to its virulence.15   Palmitoylation Proteins S-palmitoylation is the attachment of a 16-carbon long fatty acid (as palmitate-CoA) to cysteine residues, which was first discovered by radiolabeling of virus-infected cells with [3H]palmitate.16 The formation of the thioester linkage is mediated by a family of protein acyl transferases (PATs) that bear a conserved Asp-His -His-Cys catalytic motif (DHHC-PATs), which can be removed by hydrolysis aided by acyl protein thioesterases (APTs).17 Owing to the reversibility of this modification, S-palmitoylation of proteins was thought to be dynamically regulated ,whereby a subset of proteins are transiently palmitoylated in a certain time point/cellular activity. (insert something) S-palmitoylation has been demonstrated to be an essential mechanism for protein stability, activity, and proper cellular localization.18 Recent advances in identifying palmitoylated proteins revealed not only its key role in regulatory mechanisms but as well as in host invasion and virulence of pathogen s. Large-scale proteomic profiling of S-palmitoylated proteins using metabolic labeling has been heavily dependent on employing the alkyne analogue of palmitic acid, 17-ODYA (Fig. X). This commercially available chemical reporter is suitable for these analyses as it has shown better specificity and has minimal background in labeling proteins that are ought to be acylated by shorter fatty alkyl chains.6 The subsequent click reaction with fluorophore- or biotin-azide then allows for in-gel fluorescence monitoring and biotin-pulldown strategy prior to LC-MS proteomic analysis of labeled proteins, respectively. In these studies, hundreds of palmitoylated proteins were identified with a wide range of functions, highlighting the importance of S-palmitoylation in a plethora of cellular mechanisms and pathways. For instance, the first report on using such strategy applied to mammalian cells identified around 125 candidate S-palmitoylated proteins at high confidence, including G proteins, recept ors and uncharacterized hydrolases.19 Using the same strategy in dendritic immune cells (DC2.4) identified more than 150 predicted S-palmitoylated proteins and revealed that palmitoylation of interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3)20 and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)21 is essential for their antiviral activity. A more recent study on Cryptococcus neoformans revealed that a single PAT, Pfa4, palmitoylates the fungal proteins required for parasite integrity and virulence-palmitoylating 72 proteins identified in a global-scale approach.22 A more quantitative approach to measure levels of palmitoylated proteins combines metabolic labeling with 17-ODYA and Stable Isotope Labeling with amino acids in Cultured Cells (SILAC). In virus-infected RPE-1 epithelial cells, selective repression was observed for host S-palmitoylated proteins, including interferon signaling regulators and members of the tetraspanin family.14 A novel set of HSV-encoded proteins palmitoylated by the host machinery were selectively and significantly identified, further suggesting that HSV exploits the palmitoylation pathway which contributes to its virulence. As palmitoylation is a reversible process, the dynamic cycling of palmitoylated proteins in mouse T-cell hybridoma cells was investigated using this quantitative approach in combination with a pulse-chase technique.23 Through the use of a serine lipase-inhibitor as the chase, palmitoylated proteins that undergo fast turnovers were distinguished from those that are stably modified. This indicates that a subset of this dynamic palmitoylation event is regulated by serine hydrolases, validating the fundamental regulatory mechanism of depalmitoylation for proteins with rapid turnovers. It is important to note that in this study, only the insoluble protein fractions were analyzed, as the soluble proteins were not amenable to metabolic probe incorporation.19 Given the dynamic nature of palmitoylation, the metabolic labeling strategy would allow labeling of only those that are palmitoylated at the time of probe treatment and were stably modified. An older approach, coined as acyl-biotin exchange (ABE), has the potential to capture the full complement of palmitoylated proteins. In this multistep procedure, the protein lysates are treated with hydroxylamine to selectively cleave the thioester bonds, followed by disulfide capture with thiol-containing biotin analogue, and subsequently enriched through a pulldown technique prior to LC-MS analysis. ABE was first utilized in tandem with semi-quantitative MudPit analysis on profiling the palmitome of Saccharomyces cerivisae.24 The 12 known and 35 new palmitoylated proteins identified presented the first evidence on the diverse specificities of PATs. The ABE method was further employed in profiling the palmitoylome in rat neurons,25 human T cells,26 and recently in poplar tree cells,27 establishi ng its applicability to a wide range of biological systems. Both ABE and metabolic labeling approaches combined with SILAC revealed their large complementarity in profiling S-palmitoylated proteins in Plasmodium falciparum.28 A total of more than 400 palmitoylated proteins were identified where 202 proteins were enriched in both methods. As expected, metabolic labeling identified a lesser number of proteins, reflecting the less complexity in this approach. A pulse-chase labeling using ABE in a quantitative approach with 2-BMP as the parasite PAT inhibitor revealed the identification of a range of stably and dynamically palmitoylated proteins. Indeed, this study demonstrated the importance of palmitoylation in multiple parasite-specific processes, specifically in drug resistance, asexual stage development, host cell invasion, and protein export. Both methods were also employed in investigating the dysregulation of palmitoylation in breast cancer cells by inducing Snail-overexpression- an event correlated with chemoresistance and metastasis.29 Results showed that some proteins were differentially expressed regardless of differential palmitoylation. Thus, Snail-overexpression compromises the dynamic palmitoylation of some proteins that may be involved in pathways that contribute to malignancy. Albeit most proteins are S -palmitoylated in their cysteine residues, others were reported to be O-palmitoylated30 and N-palmitoylated17, which are also labeled by 17-ODYA. To distinguish S-palmitoylated proteins from these other forms in Toxoplasma gondii, a method similar to ABE was employed which also takes advantage of the labilityof thioester bonds to hydrolysis.31 In this approach, the metabolic incorporation of 17-ODYA and enrichment is followed by hydroxylamine cleavage to profile S-palmitoylated proteins. This confirmed 282 hydroxylamine-sensitive proteins from 501 putative palmitoylated proteins enriched from the initial 17-ODYA labeling. This also revealed and validated that palmitoylation of AMA1, a protein essential for host-cell invasion, is not required on invasion but increases microneme secretion. Taken together, these studies presented underscore the utility of large-scale S-palmitome profiling in understanding the biological importance of this lipid modification. Applying these techniques to future palmitome analysis would further discover potentially novel protein functions and cellular mechanisms across different biological systems. Wright, M. H., Heal, W. P., Mann, D. J. Tate, E. W. Protein myristoylation in health and disease. J. Chem. Biol. 3, 19-35 (2010). Farazi, T. A., Waksman, G. Gordon, J. I. The Biology and Enzymology of ProteinN-Myristoylation . J. Biol. Chem. 276 , 39501-39504 (2001). Heal, W. P., Wickramasinghe, S. R., Leatherbarrow, R. J. Tate, E. W. N-Myristoyl transferase-mediated protein labellingin vivo. Org. Biomol. Chem. 6, 2308-2315 (2008). Heal, W. P., Wright, M. H., Thinon, E. Tate, E. W. Multifunctional protein labeling via enzymatic N-terminal tagging and elaboration by click chemistry. Nat. Protoc. 7,105-117 (2012). Broncel, M. et al. Myristoylation profiling in human cells and zebrafish. Data Br. 4, 379-383 (2015). Charron, G. et al. Robust Fluorescent Detection of Protein Fatty-Acylation with Chemical Reporters. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 4967-4975 (2009). Liu, Z. et al. Integrative Chemical Biology Approaches for Identification and Characterization of Erasers for Fatty-Acid-Acylated Lysine Residues within Proteins. Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. 54, 1149-1152 (2015). Wilson, J. P., Raghavan, A. S., Yang, Y.-Y., Charron, G. Hang, H. C. Proteomic Analysis of Fatty-acylated Proteins in Mammalian Cells with Chemical Reporters Reveals S-Acylation of Histone H3 Variants. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 10, M110.001198 (2011). Wright, M. H. et al. Validation of N-myristoyltransferase as an antimalarial drug target using an integrated chemical biology approach. Nat Chem 6, 112-121 (2014). Wright, M. H. et al. Global Analysis of Protein N-Myristoylation and Exploration of N-Myristoyltransferase as a Drug Target in the Neglected Human Pathogen Leishmania donovani. Chem. Biol. 22, 342-354 (2015). Wright, M. H., Paape, D., Price, H. P., Smith, D. F. Tate, E. W. Global Profiling and Inhibition of Protein Lipidation in Vector and Host Stages of the Sleeping Sickness Parasite Trypanosoma brucei. ACS Infect. Dis. 2, 427-441 (2016). Roberts, A. J. Fairlamb, A. H. The N-myristoylome of Trypanosoma cruzi. Sci. Rep. 6,31078 (2016). Thinon, E. et al. Global profiling of co- and post-translationally N-myristoylated proteomes in human cells. Nat Commun 5, (2014). Serwa, R. A., Abaitua, F., Krause, E., Tate, E. W. OHare, P. Systems Analysis of Protein Fatty Acylation in Herpes Simplex Virus-Infected Cells Using Chemical Proteomics. Chem. Biol. 22, 1008-1017 (2015). Burnaevskiy, N., Peng, T., Reddick, L. E., Hang, H. C. Alto, N. M. Myristoylome profiling reveals a concerted mechanism of ARF GTPase deacylation by the bacterial protease IpaJ. Mol. Cell 58, 110-122 (2015). Schmidt, M. F. G. Schlesinger, M. J. Fatty acid binding to vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein: a new type of post-translational modification of the viral glycoprotein. Cell 17, 813-819 (1979). Linder, M. E. Deschenes, R. J. Palmitoylation: policing protein stability and traffic. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8, 74-84 (2007). Smotrys, J. E. Linder, M. E. Palmitoylation of Intracellular Signaling Proteins: Regulation and Function. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 73, 559-587 (2004). Martin, B. R. Cravatt, B. F. Large-scale profiling of protein palmitoylation in mammalian cells. Nat Meth 6, 135-138 (2009). Yount, J. S. et al. Palmitoylome profiling reveals S-palmitoylation-dependent antiviral activity of IFITM3. Nat Chem Biol 6, 610-614 (2010). Chesarino, N. M. et al. Chemoproteomics reveals Toll-like receptor fatty acylation. BMC Biol. 12,91 (2014). Santiago-Tirado, F. H., Peng, T., Yang, M., Hang, H. C. Doering, T. L. A Single Protein S-acyl Transferase Acts through Diverse Substrates to Determine Cryptococcal Morphology, Stress Tolerance, and Pathogenic Outcome. PLoS Pathog. 11,e1004908 (2015). Martin, B. R., Wang, C., Adibekian, A., Tully, S. E. Cravatt, B. F. Global profiling of dynamic protein palmitoylation. Nat Meth 9, 84-89 (2012). Roth, A. F. et al. Global Analysis of Protein Palmitoylation in Yeast. Cell 125, 1003- 1013 (2006). Kang, R. et al. Neural palmitoyl-proteomics reveals dynamic synaptic palmitoylation. Nature 456, 904-909 (2008). Morrison, E. et al. Quantitative analysis of the human T cell palmitome. Sci. Rep. 5, 11598 (2015). Srivastava, V., Weber, J. R., Malm, E., Fouke, B. W. Bulone, V. Proteomic Analysis of a Poplar Cell Suspension Culture Suggests a Major Role of Protein S-Acylation in Diverse Cellular Processes. Front. Plant Sci. 7, 477 (2016). Jones, M. L., Collins, M. O., Goulding, D., Choudhary, J. S. Rayner, J. C. Analysis of Protein Palmitoylation Reveals a Pervasive Role in Plasmodium Development and Pathogenesis. Cell Host Microbe 12, 246-258 (2012). Hernandez, J. L. et al. Correlated S-palmitoylation profiling of Snail-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Mol. Biosyst. 12, 1799-1808 (2016). Zou, C. et al. Acyl-CoA:Lysophosphatidylcholine Acyltransferase I (Lpcat1) Catalyzes Histone Protein O-Palmitoylation to Regulate mRNA Synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 286 ,28019-28025 (2011). Foe, I. T. et al. Global analysis of palmitoylated proteins in Toxoplasma gondii. Cell Host Microbe 18,501-511 (2015).