Why The Creative Accounting Is Important Factors Essay

Financial reports are one of the most important factors on evaluating whether an organisation has met its objectives and goals, and also has satisfied its directors, lenders, and other stakeholders. Although the relevant accounting and financial standards, regulations, and frameworks are established for the fair and reliable presentation of financial reports, there are still fraud issues from manipulating financial information. Due to the recent global economic crisis, corporates tend to use creative accounting to maximise their profit and financial performance, and it seems to result in some serious financial frauds. A lot of questions come up with this creative accounting technique as well as the relation to corporate governance and frauds. It obviously has some negative results from inappropriate use of creative accounting but, on the other hand, it could be useful to present a company’s interests better within laws and regulations. This essay will elaborate what the creati ve accounting is, why companies use this accounting method, both positive and negative views of using creative accounting with appropriate examples and cases, and possible recommendations to improve the accounting standards and systems. Firstly the definition of creative accounting and how corporate governance and fraud are connected to creative accounting should be discussed. Creative accounting defines that a company uses the accounting knowledge to distort the financial figures but by followingShow MoreRelatedReview of Shah, A. K., (1998) Exploring the influences and constraints on creative accounting in the United Kingdom, European Accounting Review, 7 (1): 83-104.1033 Words   |  5 PagesIn recent years, the practice of creative accounting by the management of large listed corporation in the UK has received increasingly more attention and allegations, especially from key financial information users. Supported by significant evidence of the practice of creative accounting, it is largely believed that such practices misrepresent the underlying reported financial performance of firms, instantaneously conflicts key core aims of accounting – to provide consistent and comparable informationRead MoreRevenue R ecognition Problems in the Communications Equipment Industry1322 Words   |  6 Pageswould be adjusted downwards by $679 million as a result of revenue recognition problems. Yet the firms market capitalization plummeted by $24.7 billion. Why do you think the market reacted so negatively to Lucents announcements of the problems? There is usually a grey zone between aggressive accounting, which is the use of legitimate accounting methods to achieve business purposes, and fraudulent financial reporting, which is the intentional misrepresentation of financial information for businessRead MoreLernout Hauspie Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pagesfraudulent accounting practices? The unique characteristics in LH that made it prone to engage in fraudulent accounting practices were the rapid expansion and acquisition of companies beyond their boundaries, and the inability to oversee these operations. Another important factor that stands out is the lack of ethical values portrayed by the founders of LH. The top management did not set code of ethics, but instead wanted to maximize their future software value. Mr. Hauspie’s creative but legallyRead MoreThe Most Important Aspects Of The Profession Of Cpas1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe accounting profession is considered a very important element in the business world and the economic world. This profession is performed by the certified public accountant (CPA). After passing the state’s exam and meeting the additional experience requirement you will get a CPA license. Based on the article of â€Å"CPA Horizons 2025† we are going to identify the four influential factors in the profession of CPAs, which are: Pre-certification and lifelong learning, pride in the profession, value propositionRead MoreOrganizational Management Approach Analysis At High Plain Mechanical Service Inc.1737 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Æ' Organizational Management Approach Analysis There are many articles, books, and research on the subject of changes in organizational management. They discuss how, why and what management is and was in organizations. The history of what management was in past is an important subject to study, as it tells what worked and what did not work. This paper will compare the classical and neoclassical approaches of management to what is used at High Plain Mechanical Service Inc. (HPM). This analysis paperRead MorePhar-Mor: Case Study1439 Words   |  6 Pages1990’s. It was founded by Mickey Monus, a gambler in nature, who with the help of senior management was â€Å"cooking the books† for years to cover up his loses. The reason why senior management agreed to do this fraud is the belief in unique ability of their leader to fix everything later on. This case is known as one of the biggest accounting frauds in the corporate history of the U.S. This paper will analyze who was affected by this fraud, the motives behind it a nd what systems of control failed to preventRead MoreSatyam Case1707 Words   |  7 Pagesthe earnings management techniques employed by the management of Satyam. Earning management or creative accounting is referred to the manipulation or misrepresentation of the company’s financial earnings in order to achieve stable and positive financial position. This was achieve through directly or indirectly use of the accounting methods. Even though the manipulation may follow all the accounting standards and laws, they may go opposite of what the standards and laws were originally trying toRead MoreMarketing Management, Promotions, And Marketing Manager Essay1056 Words   |  5 Pagesinteresting to see that the projections show women obtaining more of these jobs in the future. Marketing managers are often sought out to help improve the market share for a business (â€Å"Marketing Manager Career Outlook and Salary,† n.d.). This is why the projections are deemed to be a positive one for those seeking careers in the marketing field. It is predicted that the largest percentage of growth is going to come from Internet marketing. The big one is in social media marketing. ThereforeRead MoreEssay about External Auditors Must be Independent1154 Words   |  5 Pagesof its auditor, Arthur Andersen became one the most popular accounting scandal where it is still being talked about even after a decade has passed. Following this scandal, other massive organizations like WorldCom (2002), AIG (2004), and Satyam Computer Services (2009) shared the same fate. Since then, there have been questions being asked on the issue of the independence of auditors being one of the major contributors to these accounting scandals. Firstly, it’ll be good to know the definition ofRead MoreHrm 533 Total Rewards1633 Words   |  7 Pagescan improve the overall competitive compensation strategy of the organization. A competitive organization understands the need for a skilled and loyal workforce. In order to attract and retain top talent, many organizations offer innovative and creative employee benefit packages. It enhances an attractive salary and creates a niche for the employer. An organization that is aware of the dynamics of its workforce will be in step with the innovations in employee benefits. Technology, global workforces

The, No And No Alone Is Not Satisfactory Essay - 860 Words

Answer each question using a few sentences. â€Å"Yes† or â€Å"no† alone is not satisfactory. Use endnotes to credit your sources. 1. What was happening in the US and the Caribbean when this cartoon was made that was relevant to this cartoon? †¢ In 1902 when this cartoon was made the United States was trying to increase its power by influencing and controlling the people of the Caribbean. In 1898 when the Spanish American war ended the Spanish ceded the Philippines, Cuba and several other colonies to the United States. In 1902, â€Å"Cuba became â€Å"independent†, but, according to the Platt Amendment of 1901, was under US protection.† â€Å"American officials forced Cubans to accept a protectorate in 1902, which granted Washington rights to the naval base at Guantanamo Bay and gave the US firms a privileged position in the island’s sugar industry.† However, in the Philippines â€Å"In 1898, tensions developed between the U.S. and the Filipinos. The American government decided to keep the Philippines as a colony, thereby denying independence to the Filipino people.† From 1899-1902 the Filipinos fought for their independence and went to war against the US. 2. How does cartoonist Grant Hamilton’s depiction of the US as Uncle Sam rather than as Colombia or Lady Liberty give you a different ‘feeling’ about the US? †¢ I believe that Uncle Sam was used because Uncle Sam represents patriotism and the American government’s power. I feel that he represents a feeling of national pride, including ethnic,Show MoreRelatedExplain What Is A Code Of Conduct And Provide An Example Relevant To Working With Groups In Community Services1028 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationship as to keep confidentiality in check and to also have written evidence of this occurring. There may also be a possible dismissal of the youth worker and the member of the group if there is evident behaviour assessments created etc. Satisfactory YES NO 5. What is a code of conduct and provide an example relevant to working with groups in Community Services? A code of conduct is where practice guidelines are outlined, so all workers can follow and conduct and promote professional practiceRead MoreSexuality And Its Effects On Children Essay1429 Words   |  6 Pagesmeaning of â€Å"I am young but not idot† (eS toku gw ij uknku ugh) but I want to know much more in this matter â€Å". Aditi is not the only child to have such questions about sexuality; the girls of her age do possess such inquisitive feelings. Only few get satisfactory replies to their question on this matter. However, in today’s scientific age, where open discussion on this subject is considered to be inferiority and reading books, magazines, periodicals on sexuality is termed as immoral where shall these girlsRead MoreMy Five Part Transformational Process Activity1219 Words   |  5 Pagesleader know there’s a problem, but turn a blind eye. 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Perhaps among all typ es of organizations which impactRead MoreInto the Wild Essay1026 Words   |  5 Pagesday is an opportunity that you should take advantage of instead of living life in the same way because there is no point or reason to living that way. S.O.S. I need your help. I am injured, near death, and too weak to hike out of here. I am all alone, this is no joke. In the name of God, please remain to save me. I am out collecting berries and shall return this evening. Thank you, Chris McCandless. August ? (pg. 12) – Chris McCandless I wanted to reflect on this quote because it’s not yourRead MoreMr. Gotcher s Plan And Rules This Reporting Period1372 Words   |  6 Pagesothers have been unable to work. Mr. Gotcher continues to work through the Foot Prints treatment workbook and his progress is considered satisfactory. Update 4.11.17: Mr. Gotcher continues to work through the Foot Prints treatment workbook and is currently on chapter 5. His progress is considered good. Mr. Gotcher’s progress in treatment considered satisfactory at this time. Areas of concern: There have been no major areas of concern this reporting period. Mr. Gotcher has not had any incidentsRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Similarities and the Differences Between Dogs and Cats.787 Words   |  4 Pagesa solitary creature, hunting alone. Paragraph 3: the second difference is that dogs are generally smarter than cats. + Their owner can train the dogs to do tricks when commands in a short time, conversely people have to whether spend a lot of time to train cats or cannot. +People can train the dogs a lot of things, unlike cats. Paragraph 4: Finally, the remarkable difference is that the dog is more loyal than the cat. + Dogs will never leave their owner alone with dangers; instead of thatRead MoreHuman Rights : Universal Rights1679 Words   |  7 Pagesknows all of the rights that they truly have. The rights we have consist of many things such as the right of having an adequate food supply. The right to adequate food is both a human and legal right and â€Å"is realized when every man, woman and child, alone and in community with others, has physical and economic access at all times to adequate food or means for its procurement† (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Comment 12). George Kent discusses the meaning of these rights in regardsRead MoreTeaching And Quality Of Teaching872 Words   |  4 Pagesillustrated table: Primary Secondary Excellent 1 (1.1%) 3 (5.9%) Very Good 19 (21.8) 5 (9.8%) Good 38 (43.7) 21 (41.2%) Satisfactory 24 (27.6%) 17 (33.3%) Unsatisfactory 5 (5.7%) 5 (9.8%) As this research shows done by Ofsted , the teaching and support In both primary and secondary lessons, the quality of teaching and support was not judged to be satisfactory, the teachers were either ‘inadequately aware’ of or failed to ‘take sufficient account of the learning difficulties of theRead MoreWe Need a Huge Turn Around in the US Educational System Essay1351 Words   |  6 Pagesthought has surfaced to challenge the need for teacher tenure in the 21th century or thereafter. Tenure should not be abolished but the requirements for a teacher to earn tenure should be reformed because tenure awards teachers who perform above satisfactory work, it prevents bad teachers from receiving a good deal, and secures good teachers in public schools. Tenure should be served as a reward to teachers that work hard, and produce excellent results when evaluated on their skill. â€Å"Teachers say

The Islamism Origin, Ideology, Aims Objectives Free Essays

Nations around the world follows different ideologies to generate a direction for themselves. An ideology is a way of thinking, a set of beliefs, aims and ideas. It sets the vision for the group attached to it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Islamism: Origin, Ideology, Aims Objectives or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its purpose is to bring a specific change or carry out a certain task among its followers in accordance with a thorough thought process. When ideologies differ it gets difficult for the people belonging to a certain group to stay coherent. Ideological differences have triggered such events that were found to be powerful enough that they have shrugged the atlas several times. Wars had been fought by those who reject leading their life in the ways that conflicts with their own ideological beliefs. Islamic Ideology Islam is a religion of having faith in the oneness of God, finality of Prophet-hood, following the code of conduct according to the principles mentioned in the Holy Book and practicing the preaching of Holy Prophet. Islam emphasizes on building individual characters in an exemplary way so that a foundation of an ideal society could be laid. All Muslims have been ordered by their God Almighty to follow instructions prescribed in their Holy Book Quran, the purpose of this guidance is to lay down a way of life in which the laws mentioned in the book regulates a men’s relationship with other men and with his God. It provides a guideline for a man to maintain his social life along with his communion with the God. It indicates to a Muslim in his quest for knowledge, principle that enhances his capability to observe universe and nature with more understanding. Quran is not a book of science; it’s basically a book that deals with the basic principles of human life it preaches belief in oneness, immateriality, absolute power of the creator, charity for needy, brotherhood among mankind, subjugation of passions, the concept of accountability of human actions in the life after death, a system that teaches men to be grateful to all those who help and development of a sense of social consciousness by carefully performing those actions that are sensible and right and avoiding those that are forbidden and harmful for self and others. Islamism Islam provides Muslims a code of conduct that has been written in the Holy Book. Muslims are supposed to understand and follow it and when it comes to understanding there are different possible interpretations of the same text. Islamism is not a single concept rather it’s a product of different ideologies that exists within the umbrella of Islam. Islam is a religion that provides guideline for the Muslims around the world. Islamism has ideological conflicts. In general all these ideological groups call them Islamists, a group of people that completely rejects accepting secular governments and institutions and aim to align the entire world and its establishments in accordance to Sharia, the Muslim Law. One single society could have several directions of Islamism contributing to the fact that it’s been initiated by different groups trying to enforce their own ideologies and they seemed to never cooperate. Islamism expects its followers to align his life in complete adherence to the sacred law of Islam and completely rejects any foreign influences that may try to force any law or code of conduct that contradicts what is being mentioned in Islamic law. Islamism has in its root anger for non-Muslims and it condemn west to greatest extent. What it aims is to convert a religion into a kind of ideology. Origin of Islamism A little more than just 200 years before Muslim world was considered the hub of science and literature. Muslim scholars have laid such foundations that were later used by European researches to build extremely beneficial artifacts that have amazed the world. During the prime era of Muslims, there were mathematicians, doctors, scientists, philosophers, researchers and artists that people from around the globe used to come and learn from them. The theories presented by Muslim scholars are the basis of most of the modern scientific inventions and innovations. The downfall arose when the Muslim world interacted with the Europeans; its dated around 200 years back in 1798 when Napoleon landed in Egypt and the Muslim worlds came in contact with the Europe. From here came the influence and impact of European culture and civilization on the Muslims. The two nations are not incompatible but the ideological differences became evident when conflicts triggered events that lead to development of anger and hostile feelings among contradicting nations. According to Daniel Pipes: This confrontation was clearly shown in the aftermath of the fatwa by Ayatollah Khomeini against Salman Rushdie. Contrary to popular expectation, the lines in 1989 were drawn not between Muslim and Westerners, but between those who supported the ayatollah, or in some fashion sympathized with him, and those who were against him. One found many Muslims and Westerners on both sides. This illustrates how it is ideas that count, not religion. (Distinguishing between Islam Islamism, 1998) The origination of Islamism is neither a single event nor responsibility of a particular person. It is the fundamentalist Islamic approach carried forward by those Islamic radicals that completely rejects the western culture and way of thinking. Series of events in history builds such anger among the Muslims that were once the most successful nation on the map of earth that they started to rebel and participate in destructive activities so that world could again come in their control, this time if not by education or technology then by force and devastation. Aims and Objectives There can’t by another explanation of Islamism but just that it’s like the other utopian schemes that have been proposed and adopted world wide and provides its followers ways and guidelines to control a state, take measures that help running a society and extend philosophies in order to re-make human beings inhabiting that state. The concept has been given an Islamic touch but over all it’s a totalitarian scheme. It embodied a complete transformation of the actual traditional Islam. It has an element of modernization, for instance it deals with issues related with a modern society, address problems arises in urban living and modern day women issues, and it provides guidance for the non-traditional problems faced by my occupations. It completely ignores Islamic principle of restricting laws and regulations to the individual and society rather it tries to inject geographically restricted rules in its effort to come at par with western style geographic law. It’s not a system that has evolved as result of poverty and money. It’s a reaction to modernization by those thinkers that try to find their own ways out in changing world environment and politics. Many educated people are Islamists and running their states according to their own ideology. Islamism has been evolved lately as a huge force that is responsible for running countries like Iran, Sudan and Afghanistan. In Algeria, Egypt, Turkey, Lebanon, and Palestine they exists as the strong opposition force. Though its been observed that Islamists are not in majority but even if they consists of minority it’s a very active one. The countries where they have establishments they are very successful and they not only run their own territories but they also interfere in their neighborhood and participate in overall world politics. Its been feared that if they grow their powers they will be responsible for contraction of economic stability, women oppression world wide, human right violation, terrorism and arms race. The ideas presented by Islamists belonging to different countries differ in ideologies and they are very difficult to predict. All Muslims are all well aware that they were the superior military and cultural force in the world for centuries, and the reversed situation in the modern ages hurts the pride of Muslims. As many Muslim countries have tried to copy both the capitalist system, and others the socialist system, and all have seen little but marginal success, Islamists are working for re-establishing what the promote as a â€Å"third alternative†; a political system that they claim is similar to the one which once made unknown tribes grow into becoming lords of empires in a few decades. But in order to create such a society, the Islamists are not rejecting modern technology, and are very concerned about implement this on a grand scale in an Islamist society. And because of the technology, the Islamists believe that the coming Islamist society will be an even better society than the one of the Golden Age. (Islamism, 2008) Even if what Islamists are trying is to bring the Golden period of Muslims back they are overlooking the fact that being intolerant, conservative and violent is something that was even practiced by Muslim rulers of history who ruled the world. A liberal Islam that encourages peace and harmony has always been the pride of a Muslim. Islam in its fundamental teachings promotes tolerance and love. Islamists have originated from people having moderate background living in cities. Mostly youngsters have are its prime followers. They don’t consider themselves to be the revolutionaries rather they say they are bringing the lost values back to the culture and society. Islamism condemns the economic system that world follows and suggests the Islamic economic system where interest rates should be replaced by investments made on profit and loss basis. When it comes to women they have contradicting views leading from conservatives to liberal. Sometimes they encourage women to work outside and sometimes they advocate women taking care of their families as their prime concern. The Islamist ideology could in no way support democracy, dictatorship is what they profess. A leader is responsible for listening to people’s problems and solving them accordingly. The Islamists have started to adopt a violent approach towards addressing different issues and demands for almost last two decades and are considered responsible for many destructive activities killing thousands of people worldwide. Nowadays, Islamists have been feared as a long term threat as there are growing powers day by day with more and more young people joining their force. How to cite The Islamism: Origin, Ideology, Aims Objectives, Papers

Psychological theories free essay sample

Explain the contribution of contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours and assess the contribution of complementary and contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours. P2 In this part of the assignment the author will explain the contribution of complementary psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours The two specific behaviours the author has chosen are aggression and addiction. The biological theory on addiction is this theory believes that there are genetic build ups in a person that causes them to react different to addiction, this could mean someone has more of an addictive personality compared to another person. They believe the genetic makeup impact the processing of such chemicals in an individual so they either become addicted easily or not. They believe there is a trigger that in combination with psychological and environmental help causes a person to become addicted easily. There is also evidence to support that addiction can be inherited, or that some individuals may be more likely to developing an addiction than others. Support for this theory comes from twin studies. In these studies, identical twins that were separated at birth (i. e. , raised in completely different environments) were found to have similar levels of alcohol levels at different points in their lives. Even though both siblings may have been raised in different alcohol-free homes, they were just as likely to develop alcoholism. Studies have shown that adopted children have rates of alcoholism closer to those of their natural parents than to those of their adoptive parents‘one study found that 30–40 percent of natural children of alcoholics become alcoholics themselves, as opposed to a rate of 10 percent for the general population (Kolata, 1987). Some experts conclude that the rate of heritability of alcoholism—the chance of inheriting the disorder—is â€Å"similar to that expected for diabetes or peptic ulcer disease† (Schuckit, 1984, p. 62). Now that the entire human DNA sequence has been â€Å"decoded,† it is entirely possible that during the coming decade scientists will discover a genetic link with alcoholism’ (highered. mcgraw-hill. com/sites/dl/free/ /Goode7_Sample_ch03. pdf date accessed 18/04/13 time 12. 35pm) This extract from the website shown is proof that the biological theory was correct or could be classed as being correct. It also shows that there could be a genetic link towards addiction in individuals however this study mainly focuses on alcoholism but it is a study that shows an addiction being passed on through genetics. Aggression is a form of emotion also known as anger, however aggressive behaviour is more violent that anger. An aggressive person may show aggressive behaviour through sharp tones in their voice or by abusing someone. Social Learning Theorists, such as Bandura (1965), claim that aggressive behaviour is learned through observing and imitating aggressive models. Aggressive behaviour is strengthened and maintained if it has a desirable outcome (reinforcement). Banduras series of Bobo doll experiments revealed a number of factors that determine whether observed aggressive behaviour is imitated. Bandura proved this when he conducted an experiment where he had four groups of children, one group of children witnessed the bobo doll being abused by a role model, the second group of children witnessed a violent cartoon, the third group of children witnessed a violent film and the last group of children witnessed no violence at all. When left to do what the children desired the children that had witnessed a form of violence then went on to abuse the bobo doll, the children that had witnessed no violence at all began to play with the doll. The deindividuation complements the social learning theory as it Deindividuation means a person losing their inhibitions because they are no longer identifiable. One way that people can become deindividuated is when they are part of a large group or a crowd. Deindividuation has been used to explain why people who are usually well-behaved can become violent during group interactions, for example, riots. The deindivduation theory complements the social learning theory as agrees that people change depending on role models. The deindividuation theory and the social learning theory compliment each other as they both agree that if an individual witnesses aggressive behaviour the individual could change their personality to match role models which could in turn, change their aggression levels. P3 In this part of the assignment the author will explain the contribution of contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours Addiction is thought of a biological nature that is past through genetics according to the biological theory as explained in P2. A contrasting theory of the biological theory would be the classical and operant conditioning theory, this was made by Pavlov. The basis of conditioning theories is that addiction is the end result of the reinforcement of drug use. The drug acts as a reinforcer and gains control over the user’s behavior. In contrast to the biological models of the exposure theories, these conditioning models suggest that anyone can show addictive behavior if they are given reinforcements, regardless of their genetics. The advantage of this theory is that it offers the potential for considering all excessive activities along with drug abuse within a simpler group: those of rewarded behavior. There are many reinforcement models that have been defined including the classical conditioning model. This model defines addiction as a behavior that is repeated because of the attention given associated with its reinforcement. An example of where this theory is used is when Pavlov rung the bell to his dog and gave the dog food, the dog then learnt when the bell rang he would be rewarded, this could be used as an explanation to addiction. When the drug user takes the drug they are rewarded as they get a ‘high’ this is the same kind of thing as Pavlov’s dog as the drug is the stimulus as was the bell to his dog and the ‘high’ being a reward as was the food to the dog. Pavlov’s dog had be conditioned to believe that when the bell rang he would be given a reward, so as a drug user you would tend to believe that if you take the drug you are rewarded which could lead to addiction. The Biological and conditioning theory contrast as the biological theory believes addiction is within genetics and the conditioning theory believes that addiction is within positive and negative reinforcement on drug abuse. Aggression is thought to be learnt from surrounding people’s actions and imitating them according to the social learning theory which has been previously explained. However the biological theory suggests that all aggression comes from genetics, this could be because one or both parents have not had enough dopamine in their brain or there is a chemical imbalance in which the individual becomes more aggressive. ‘One classic study in the 1960s (Jacobs et al. , 1965) found that a surprising number of men in prison had XYY sex chromosomes instead of the normal XY. The researchers hypothesized that the extra Y chromosome might make the men more aggressive. Later studies have found that such genetic abnormalities are in fact widespread throughout the general population and therefore can’t explain aggression. More recently, studies have identified genetic trends in twins and families. For example, Brunner et al. (1993) identified a common gene in male members of a Danish family who all exhibited abnormal aggressive behavior’(http://ashbournecollegepsychology. wordpress. com/psya3/aggression/biological-explanations-of-aggression/ date 18/04/13 time 15:48) This extract from the shown website shows that studies have proved that the genetic makeup of an individuals brain makes the individuals more aggressive. These two theories contrast as Bandura believed that aggression is an imitated behaviour that an individual has been shown through a role model for example if the individuals dad beats their mother or vice versa the child would grow up to believe hitting people is the right thing to do, whereas the biological theory suggests that aggression is past through to the individual through chemical imbalances of the brain and genetic makeup. M2 In this part of the assignment the author will assess the contribution of complementary and contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours. The biological theory contributes to helping addiction as the individual could now be treating and prescribed medication to balance the imbalanced chemicals of the brain to help the individual become less addicted to certain drugs. It also contributes as there can be treatments such as acupuncture, hypnosis and tablets to take to enable the individual to come off a certain drug. These treatments work by conditioning the brain to allow the addiction part of the brain to silence itself. This helps as the levels of addiction decreases. Social Learning Theory on aggressive behaviour has contributed to solving aggressive behaviour as if an individual is displaying actions of aggression which they are imitating from parents or other role models they could be removed from the environment and learn that aggression is wrong. The social learning theory contributes to solving aggression as it also detects which role model could be the aggressor and then the aggressor could be helped to change. The deindividuation theory that complements Bandura’s theory could also contribute to solving aggression through counselling as in a counselling session the councillor could give advice on moving away from the group or other party in which is making the individual act in a way not known for them. The Biological and conditioning theory may contrast as the biological theory believes addiction is within genetics and the conditioning theory believes that addiction is within positive and negative reinforcement on drug abuse. However they have now worked together and contributed to stopping addiction as the individual may have the gene where they are an addictive person but through positive and negative reinforcing done at the right time they could be able to start understanding that drug abuse is wrong. They have done this by getting such businesses and drug help lines to go into educational environments to stimulate the process or reinforcing to an individual the wrongs of doing drug abuse, they have also got drug workers to help people get off drug abuse. This has helped society as there has been a decrease in drug abuse problems. The social learning theory and the biological theory also contrast for the reasons explained previously. However the social learning theory has helped aggression as if an individual is displaying actions of aggression which they are imitating from parents or other role models they could be removed from the environment and learn that aggression is wrong. The social learning theory contributes to solving aggression as it also detects which role model could be the aggressor and then the aggressor could be helped to change. The biological theory which contrasts to the social learning theory has contributed as we can now understand the inside of male’s chromosomes as to why that particular kind of male becomes more aggressive. This helps as if a male has the ‘aggressive chromosomes’ they can get help through counselling and conditioning with reinforcement. This as also contributed as it may not tell us as to why women get aggressive but it will prompt further investigation as to why they do which will give more information and facts of treatment or help the female may need. In conclusion in this assignment the author has explained the contribution of complementary psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours, explained the contribution of contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours and assessed the contribution of complementary and contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours.

Psychological theories free essay sample

Explain the contribution of contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours and assess the contribution of complementary and contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours. P2 In this part of the assignment the author will explain the contribution of complementary psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours The two specific behaviours the author has chosen are aggression and addiction. The biological theory on addiction is this theory believes that there are genetic build ups in a person that causes them to react different to addiction, this could mean someone has more of an addictive personality compared to another person. They believe the genetic makeup impact the processing of such chemicals in an individual so they either become addicted easily or not. They believe there is a trigger that in combination with psychological and environmental help causes a person to become addicted easily. There is also evidence to support that addiction can be inherited, or that some individuals may be more likely to developing an addiction than others. Support for this theory comes from twin studies. In these studies, identical twins that were separated at birth (i. e. , raised in completely different environments) were found to have similar levels of alcohol levels at different points in their lives. Even though both siblings may have been raised in different alcohol-free homes, they were just as likely to develop alcoholism. Studies have shown that adopted children have rates of alcoholism closer to those of their natural parents than to those of their adoptive parents‘one study found that 30–40 percent of natural children of alcoholics become alcoholics themselves, as opposed to a rate of 10 percent for the general population (Kolata, 1987). Some experts conclude that the rate of heritability of alcoholism—the chance of inheriting the disorder—is â€Å"similar to that expected for diabetes or peptic ulcer disease† (Schuckit, 1984, p. 62). Now that the entire human DNA sequence has been â€Å"decoded,† it is entirely possible that during the coming decade scientists will discover a genetic link with alcoholism’ (highered. mcgraw-hill. com/sites/dl/free/ /Goode7_Sample_ch03. pdf date accessed 18/04/13 time 12. 35pm) This extract from the website shown is proof that the biological theory was correct or could be classed as being correct. It also shows that there could be a genetic link towards addiction in individuals however this study mainly focuses on alcoholism but it is a study that shows an addiction being passed on through genetics. Aggression is a form of emotion also known as anger, however aggressive behaviour is more violent that anger. An aggressive person may show aggressive behaviour through sharp tones in their voice or by abusing someone. Social Learning Theorists, such as Bandura (1965), claim that aggressive behaviour is learned through observing and imitating aggressive models. Aggressive behaviour is strengthened and maintained if it has a desirable outcome (reinforcement). Banduras series of Bobo doll experiments revealed a number of factors that determine whether observed aggressive behaviour is imitated. Bandura proved this when he conducted an experiment where he had four groups of children, one group of children witnessed the bobo doll being abused by a role model, the second group of children witnessed a violent cartoon, the third group of children witnessed a violent film and the last group of children witnessed no violence at all. When left to do what the children desired the children that had witnessed a form of violence then went on to abuse the bobo doll, the children that had witnessed no violence at all began to play with the doll. The deindividuation complements the social learning theory as it Deindividuation means a person losing their inhibitions because they are no longer identifiable. One way that people can become deindividuated is when they are part of a large group or a crowd. Deindividuation has been used to explain why people who are usually well-behaved can become violent during group interactions, for example, riots. The deindivduation theory complements the social learning theory as agrees that people change depending on role models. The deindividuation theory and the social learning theory compliment each other as they both agree that if an individual witnesses aggressive behaviour the individual could change their personality to match role models which could in turn, change their aggression levels. P3 In this part of the assignment the author will explain the contribution of contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours Addiction is thought of a biological nature that is past through genetics according to the biological theory as explained in P2. A contrasting theory of the biological theory would be the classical and operant conditioning theory, this was made by Pavlov. The basis of conditioning theories is that addiction is the end result of the reinforcement of drug use. The drug acts as a reinforcer and gains control over the user’s behavior. In contrast to the biological models of the exposure theories, these conditioning models suggest that anyone can show addictive behavior if they are given reinforcements, regardless of their genetics. The advantage of this theory is that it offers the potential for considering all excessive activities along with drug abuse within a simpler group: those of rewarded behavior. There are many reinforcement models that have been defined including the classical conditioning model. This model defines addiction as a behavior that is repeated because of the attention given associated with its reinforcement. An example of where this theory is used is when Pavlov rung the bell to his dog and gave the dog food, the dog then learnt when the bell rang he would be rewarded, this could be used as an explanation to addiction. When the drug user takes the drug they are rewarded as they get a ‘high’ this is the same kind of thing as Pavlov’s dog as the drug is the stimulus as was the bell to his dog and the ‘high’ being a reward as was the food to the dog. Pavlov’s dog had be conditioned to believe that when the bell rang he would be given a reward, so as a drug user you would tend to believe that if you take the drug you are rewarded which could lead to addiction. The Biological and conditioning theory contrast as the biological theory believes addiction is within genetics and the conditioning theory believes that addiction is within positive and negative reinforcement on drug abuse. Aggression is thought to be learnt from surrounding people’s actions and imitating them according to the social learning theory which has been previously explained. However the biological theory suggests that all aggression comes from genetics, this could be because one or both parents have not had enough dopamine in their brain or there is a chemical imbalance in which the individual becomes more aggressive. ‘One classic study in the 1960s (Jacobs et al. , 1965) found that a surprising number of men in prison had XYY sex chromosomes instead of the normal XY. The researchers hypothesized that the extra Y chromosome might make the men more aggressive. Later studies have found that such genetic abnormalities are in fact widespread throughout the general population and therefore can’t explain aggression. More recently, studies have identified genetic trends in twins and families. For example, Brunner et al. (1993) identified a common gene in male members of a Danish family who all exhibited abnormal aggressive behavior’(http://ashbournecollegepsychology. wordpress. com/psya3/aggression/biological-explanations-of-aggression/ date 18/04/13 time 15:48) This extract from the shown website shows that studies have proved that the genetic makeup of an individuals brain makes the individuals more aggressive. These two theories contrast as Bandura believed that aggression is an imitated behaviour that an individual has been shown through a role model for example if the individuals dad beats their mother or vice versa the child would grow up to believe hitting people is the right thing to do, whereas the biological theory suggests that aggression is past through to the individual through chemical imbalances of the brain and genetic makeup. M2 In this part of the assignment the author will assess the contribution of complementary and contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours. The biological theory contributes to helping addiction as the individual could now be treating and prescribed medication to balance the imbalanced chemicals of the brain to help the individual become less addicted to certain drugs. It also contributes as there can be treatments such as acupuncture, hypnosis and tablets to take to enable the individual to come off a certain drug. These treatments work by conditioning the brain to allow the addiction part of the brain to silence itself. This helps as the levels of addiction decreases. Social Learning Theory on aggressive behaviour has contributed to solving aggressive behaviour as if an individual is displaying actions of aggression which they are imitating from parents or other role models they could be removed from the environment and learn that aggression is wrong. The social learning theory contributes to solving aggression as it also detects which role model could be the aggressor and then the aggressor could be helped to change. The deindividuation theory that complements Bandura’s theory could also contribute to solving aggression through counselling as in a counselling session the councillor could give advice on moving away from the group or other party in which is making the individual act in a way not known for them. The Biological and conditioning theory may contrast as the biological theory believes addiction is within genetics and the conditioning theory believes that addiction is within positive and negative reinforcement on drug abuse. However they have now worked together and contributed to stopping addiction as the individual may have the gene where they are an addictive person but through positive and negative reinforcing done at the right time they could be able to start understanding that drug abuse is wrong. They have done this by getting such businesses and drug help lines to go into educational environments to stimulate the process or reinforcing to an individual the wrongs of doing drug abuse, they have also got drug workers to help people get off drug abuse. This has helped society as there has been a decrease in drug abuse problems. The social learning theory and the biological theory also contrast for the reasons explained previously. However the social learning theory has helped aggression as if an individual is displaying actions of aggression which they are imitating from parents or other role models they could be removed from the environment and learn that aggression is wrong. The social learning theory contributes to solving aggression as it also detects which role model could be the aggressor and then the aggressor could be helped to change. The biological theory which contrasts to the social learning theory has contributed as we can now understand the inside of male’s chromosomes as to why that particular kind of male becomes more aggressive. This helps as if a male has the ‘aggressive chromosomes’ they can get help through counselling and conditioning with reinforcement. This as also contributed as it may not tell us as to why women get aggressive but it will prompt further investigation as to why they do which will give more information and facts of treatment or help the female may need. In conclusion in this assignment the author has explained the contribution of complementary psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours, explained the contribution of contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours and assessed the contribution of complementary and contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours.